More than 10 species of Phytophthora de Bary are reported to affect cultivated Prunus L. worldwide, causing root rot, crown rot, trunk and scaffold cankers, and even fruit rots ( Browne and Doster, 2002 ; Browne and Mircetich, 1995 ; Félix
A variety of techniques and vegetative materials are used to asexually propagate blackberry. Blackberry plants can be easily reproduced from root suckers, crown division, root cuttings, tip layering, soft stem cuttings, and tissue culture (TC
1930s, anthracnose crown rot caused by C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides has been a destructive disease in strawberry nurseries and fruit-production fields in the southeastern United States ( Brooks, 1931 ). In 1986, the presence of the
block design with four replications. The whole-plot treatments were randomized and consisted of three biodegradable mulch products: BioAgri, Crown 1, and SB-PLA-11 ( Table 1 ). Two subplot soil treatments, mulched and bare ground, were applied in the
floral primordia in eastern thornless blackberry (e.g., ‘Triple Crown’) are not visible until spring ( Takeda et al., 2002 ; Takeda and Wisniewski, 1989 ). The presence of an actively growing shoot tip is necessary during the first 3 or 4 d after the
Persian (english) walnut ( Juglans regia L.) orchards can incur serious economic loss from attack by several soilborne pathogens, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend (causal agent of crown gall disease), Armillaria mellea
field on 1 Sept. These unexpected results were attributed to a high plant density (320 transplants/m 2 ) that provided a continuous and heavy leaf cover, which eliminated red light (less than 700 nm) from reaching the crowns ( Takeda, 2008 ). In contrast
Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2033. We thank the following: S. Bassein for statistical advice; G. McGranahan for initiating and coordinating the Paradox Diversity Study; M. Schroth and B. Teviotdale for advice on crown gall; M
, 2004 ; van Loon et al., 1998 ). Agrobacterium tumefaciens , a soil-borne bacterium, causes formation of crown galls in many plant species. During infection, a specific segment of the tumor-inducing plasmid, the transfer DNA (T-DNA), is transferred from
were obtained from Massachusetts or Florida and divided into three groups with crown diameters of 8, 12, or 16 mm. There were small differences in the cropping pattern among the three groups of plants, with slightly heavier production in the small or