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small-scale or beginning farmers who do not have heavy equipment. The effects of tarping on crop residue decay have been variable and warrant further research. For example, Rylander et al. (2020 ) used a beaded string method to evaluate oat cover crop

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The use of brassica crop residues and seed meal to manage soilborne disease has gained interest as an alternative control strategy to traditional soil fumigants. Brassica soil amendments have been found to be effective in reducing soilborne pathogen

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is Alternaria blight or dark leaf spot, caused by Alternaria sp. ( Saharan et al. 2015 ). This pathogen is seedborne and can survive in crop residues ( Köhl et al. 2011 ). Disease severity varies between seasons and regions, in part because

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organic potting mix ≈3 weeks before planting. Immediately after rolling the mulch, the transplants were manually planted by hand-digging, inserting the plant into the cover crop residue, and then replacing the mulch. The transplants were manually watered

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, when used in vegetable crops, often relies on fall-planted cover crops in lieu of crop residues to provide soil coverage and prevent erosion during winter ( Carrera et al., 2007 ). These cover crops, when killed the following spring, provide organic

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.B. Boyd, N.S. Smith, R.F. 2013 Winter cover crop seeding rate and variety effects during eight years of organic vegetables: III. Cover crop residue quality and nitrogen mineralization Agron. J. 105 171 182 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012

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crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum ). Three weeks before strawberry planting, glyphosate (Roundup Original; Monsanto, St. Louis, MO) was applied to the cover crop. A week later, the cover crop residue was mowed down creating a vegetative residue layer

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accumulated in the above-ground portion of plants grown in the 0 kg N/ha treatment. Plant N content in above-ground plant vegetative and reproductive tissues were presented as crop residue (i.e., N remaining in the field) and crop removal (i.e., N removed from

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manures or crop residues) can reduce nutrient losses because a portion of the nutrients contained is stabilized and is released over time through mineralization. However, the release rate of nutrients from organic sources depends on environmental and soil

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, including municipal solid waste, cattle or poultry manure, crop residues, and mixture of manure and crop residues. The compost was produced by a range of different groups. Also compost effects were altered by soil types ( Zhang et al., 2014 ). Hence, any

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