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contaminated agricultural products. In 2019, the CDC reported two multistate outbreaks related to E. coli O157:H7 in leafy greens ( CDC, 2019a ). Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) production facilities, such as greenhouses and plant factories, present
to harvest maturity indoors ( Mitchell, 2004 ). The umbrella term “controlled-environment agriculture” (CEA) covers additional appellations including “indoor agriculture” (IA), “indoor farming” (IF), “vertical farming” (VF), “plant factories” (PF
of tomato: A review Intl. Agrophys. 32 287 302 10.1515/intag-2017-0005 Shamshiri, R.R. Kalantari, F. Ting, K.C. Thorp, K.R. Hameed, I.A. Weltzien, C. Ahmad, D. Shad, Z.M. 2018b Advances in greenhouse automation and controlled environment agriculture
reduce energy consumption and optimize plant growth. Changes in light intensity and wavelength can manipulate plant metabolism, thus the efficiency of LED can be used in favor of producing good-quality food in controlled-environment agriculture. The
1982 ). The morphological responses mediated by phytochromes, especially the enhancement of leaf expansion through the application of far-red light, have been leveraged in controlled-environment agriculture to increase canopy photon capture and biomass
Light is both an energy source for photosynthesis and an information source regarding the surrounding environment. In controlled environment agriculture, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are often used in crop production under sole-source lighting
controlled-environment agriculture. When comparing LED with double-ended high-pressure sodium (HPS) technology in greenhouses, ( Nelson and Bugbee 2014 ) found that the cost per mole of photons was 2.3 times higher for LEDs than it was for HPS. However, the
. < https://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/21048/ > van Iersel, M.W. 2017 Optimizing LED lighting in controlled environment agriculture, p. 59–80. In: S.D. Gupta (ed.). Light emitting diodes for agriculture: Smart lighting. Springer Nature, Singapore von
environment agriculture 48 58 Lopez, R. Runkle, E.S. Light management in controlled environments. Meister Media Worldwide Willoughby, OH Miyama, Y. Yasui, N. 2021 Varietal differences in tomato intumescence under changing water conditions
Plant Prod. Sci. 12 1 37 46 Albright, L.D. Langhans, R.W. 1996 Controlled environment agriculture scoping study. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY Ballaré, C.L. Casal, J.J. 2000 Light signals perceived by crop and weed plants F. Crop. Res. 67 149 160 Bantis, F