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The IR4 Specialty Crops Program was established to assist in the registration of pest control products for minor uses. The National program, headquartered at Rutgers University and operating through four regions with a network of scientists in every state, develops lists of grower needs, prioritizes projects and develops protocols to secure EPA tolerances that lead to labels. Every year IR4 works on pest control products needed by the vegetable industry. Pest control products being researched for 2006 include Club root and wire stem control in crucifers with Ranman and Moncut: Lep. Larvae control in beans with Avaunt and Rimon; Phytopthora capsici control in peppers and squash; weed control in tomatoes with Reflex, Goal, and Dual Magnum and powdery mildew control in cucurbits. Research Projects were discussed and updated.
Overcoming environmental stresses during seedling establishment is crucial to successful vegetable production. In the irrigated production areas of the southwestern United States, stress most often is related to unfavorable temperature, soil or water salinity, or poor soil structure; it is frequently difficult to separate the effects of these stresses, since they may all be present to some significant degree. Growers use a variety of techniques to ameliorate these conditions. The use of sprinkler irrigation for stand establishment has become a widespread practice; sprinkling moderates soil temperature, minimizes salinity in the zone of germination, and reduces soil crusting. By modifying bed configuration, growers have been able to increase soil temperature to stimulate germination. Various chemical and physical treatments have proven effective in reducing soil crusting. The use of transplants has expanded for many crops, both as a means to circumvent seedling establishment problems and as a technique to obtain earliness.
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens cause destructive diseases on many important vegetable crops throughout the world. Satisfactory chemical control measures for bacterial pathogens have not been achieved. Recommended control measures are: use of disease-free seed and transplants; hot water treatment of seed if feasible; suitable rotations; deep plowing of plant debris; and use of resistant cultivars if available (13, 50, 51, 53, 73, 75, 76, 77).
Abstract
Weed control is essential for production of high quality vegetables with maximum yields. (±)-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop) is a systemic postemergence herbicide that selectively controls annual and perennial grasses in dicotylendonous crops. In the United States, fluazifop is registered for control of emerged grasses in soybeans, cotton, nonbearing trees, vines, and strawberries, dicotyledonous ornamentals, and fallow land (Imperial Chemical Industries, Inc. 1985; Fusilade-2000 product label I.C.I. Americas, Inc., Agr. Chem. Div., Wilmington, DE 19897). Research has dealt with the safe use of fluazifop in field-grown vegetables at various growth stages (4), but there are no data in the literature describing the effect of fluazifop on greenhouse grown transplants. Therefore, we determined the effect of two rates of fluazifop on the growth and development of five vegetables grown in a greenhouse for transplants.
Abstract
Research related to plant growth and development over the past 75 years has brought us to a point where the vegetable plants we grow today have been developed to fit the needs of the home gardener, the greenhouse grower, the large scale fresh market grower and the vegetable processing industry. Through this research, changes have come about that contribute to a better understanding of the basic genetic and physiological mechanisms that control plant habit, sex expression, flowering, and fruit type. These four broad areas will be covered to demonstrate the diversity and scope of knowledge concerning growth and development that has accumulated in the 20th century. This knowledge opens doors for further work on the major crops and for beginning work on crops that hold promise for the future. The flexibility and complexity of plants and plant processes allow us to look at plants the way we find them, envision them the way they can be changed to best serve us and plan our procedures for developing them for the future.
Broccoli, potatoes, cucumbers and green peas were fertilized respectively with 241, 168, 168 and 28 kg N ha-1. The N accumulation was equivalent to the fertilizer application rates for the broccoli, potatoes and cucumbers while the peas accumulated 321 kg N ha-1. Vegetable yields were not affected by previous cereal rye cover crops when compared to the fallow control. Cover crops following broccoli accumulated the least and peas the most N. Inorganic N in the top 30 cm at harvest were significantly different between vegetables, but not in the 30-60 cm depth.
Chicken manure and ammonium nitrate as N sources were compared. Broccoli was the test crop and was fertilized with both sources at 241 kg N ha-1. Broccoli yields and N accumulation were different between sources of N and between N and no-N treatments. Inorganic N leaching was greatest with ammonium nitrate fertilization and chicken manure was similar to the no-N fertilizer treatment.
Vegetable Crops
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to test the emergence, early growth, and salt build-up in soil and leaves with 5 vegetable crops germinated by sprinkle and trickle irrigation using saline water. In some of the crops (cucumber, tomato, pepper) trickle irrigation shortened the time until emergence and the stand was more uniform. Other crops (muskmelon, onion) responded in a similar manner to both irrigation methods. Seedling development was good with both methods. Trickling produced a higher salt concn in the 0 to 3-cm soil layer of the crop row, although this had no apparent effect on emergence, seedling wt, or chloride content of the leaves.
102 POSTER SESSION 4C (Abstr. 202–210) Culture & Management—Vegetables