such as CVd-III. Infection resulting from a pathogen induces changes in the host plant, including reinforcement of the cell wall by the formation of an impermeable deposit ( Rossetti et al., 1980 ), accumulation of low-molecular-weight antifungal
do not always provide sufficient weed control over the 1–3 year nursery tree cropping cycle. Reasons for incomplete control with fumigants include hard/impermeable weed seedcoats that prevent fumigant penetration, reinvasion of weeds into the field
.P. Rouxb, Ph. Gratraudb, J. Scarasciac, G. Castellanoc, S. Dufresne de Vireld, M. Palier, P. 2002 Wind pressures on permeably and impermeably-clad structures J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 90 461 474 10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00210-0 Robertson, A.P. Hoxey, R. Moran
young peach tree performance Weed Technol. 18 215 222 10.1614/WT02-180 Black, J.D.F. 1963 Development of an impermeable layer under straw mulch in a soil management trial Aust. J. Exp. Agr. Anim. Husb. 3 101 104 10.1071/EA9630101 Black, R.J. Gillman, E
solarization followed by fumigation under virtually impermeable film (VIF) reduced the survival of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ( Chellemi and Mirusso, 2006 ). Solarization is also very effective in controlling weeds ( Chase et al., 1998
(1 mil), which reflects the standard grower practice. All other treatments were mulched with black, virtually impermeable film (1.5 mil), which increases retention of volatile fumigants and exposure of soil pests to lethal fumes. High tunnels were
southern Florida and consists of elevating the water table through the use of lateral field ditches to allow upward water movement through capillarity in soils with an underlying impermeable layer ( Simonne and Morgant, 2005 ). In this method, the water
irrigation frequency and cumulative water demand. In doing so, the authors found that, with the exception of a relatively impermeable solid rice hull container, all biocontainer alternatives required more frequent irrigation and more overall water to maintain
.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.12.1337 Gilreath, J.P. Motis, T.N. Santos, B.M. 2005 Cyperus spp. control with reduced methyl bromide plus chloropicrin rates under virtually impermeable films in pepper Crop Prot. 24 285 287 10.1016/j.cropro.2004.08.008 Gilreath, J
germination time, and seedling variation. It may take 2 to 3 years to overcome the double dormancy caused by hard, impermeable seedcoat and immature embryos ( Dirr and Heuser, 1987 ). In addition, vegetative propagation of inkberry by cuttings may be subject