recognized in seeds. Physical dormancy results from water-impermeable seed coats or fruit coats. Seeds with embryos that are undifferentiated or underdeveloped at shedding and require time for further development before germination are considered
such as CVd-III. Infection resulting from a pathogen induces changes in the host plant, including reinforcement of the cell wall by the formation of an impermeable deposit ( Rossetti et al., 1980 ), accumulation of low-molecular-weight antifungal
, 2012b ). Fertilizer applied off target onto impermeable surfaces such as driveways and sidewalks is a common source of NPS in the urban landscape ( Arnold and Gibbons, 1996 ). Nitrogen applied in highly soluble forms, such as the inorganic N form urea
low germination rate and long germination time. It usually takes 2–3 years to overcome the double dormancy of the hard, impermeable seedcoat and immature embryos ( Dirr and Heuser, 2006 ; Hu et al., 1979 ). Pretreatment at room temperature for 2
materials, or lignin, may deposit on the seedcoat and contribute to the hydrophobic nature of mature seeds ( Carlson, 1940 ; Lee et al., 2005 ; Yeung et al., 1996 ). These factors may bring about the impermeability of mature seeds and result in low seed
temperature, light intensity, and relative humidity. The test chambers were made of inert materials (i.e., glass surfaces, stainless steel frame, and Teflon) that were impermeable to VOCs. Chamber doors were sealed using an adhesive closed-pore neoprene foam
molecule is roughly 53% nitrogen. All treatments were applied as a liquid, which quickly vaporizes, under 0.32-mm thick, white-on-black, totally impermeable film (Guardian Agricultural Plastics Corporation, Tampa, FL), using shank injection 25 cm below the
complete block design. Treatments included MB:Pic 57:43 covered with high-density polyethylene (HDPE), MB:Pic 45:55 covered with totally impermeable film (TIF), and steam. Steam was applied using the Southern Turf Nurseries applicator on 6 Sept. 2018, and
(1 mil), which reflects the standard grower practice. All other treatments were mulched with black, virtually impermeable film (1.5 mil), which increases retention of volatile fumigants and exposure of soil pests to lethal fumes. High tunnels were
young peach tree performance Weed Technol. 18 215 222 10.1614/WT02-180 Black, J.D.F. 1963 Development of an impermeable layer under straw mulch in a soil management trial Aust. J. Exp. Agr. Anim. Husb. 3 101 104 10.1071/EA9630101 Black, R.J. Gillman, E