). In recent years, several investigations have shown that various physiological activities, metabolic pathways, and gene networks contribute to salt tolerance in plants, including the activation of antioxidant enzymes, the induction and regulation of
digestibility. The recent interest in biofuels has sparked intense interest in lignin research, as large amounts of mostly inaccessible energy are stored in plants as lignin. This work has identified most of the genes for the major enzymes in the pathway and the
the contents and composition in grape and wine ( Jackson, 2000a ). Each class of flavonoid, anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols, is biosynthesized by a one-step enzyme reaction branched from the common flavonoid pathway ( Fig. 1 ). Flavonoid 3
-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), and ent-kaurene synthase (KS), catalyze the early step(s) of the cyclization and oxidation reactions and affect the GA signal pathway, regulating plant growth phenotype ( Fambrini et al., 2011 ; Toyomasu et al., 2016 ; Yamamura et
transcriptome, how FA and TAG biosynthesis pathways are regulated, and how these pathways affect the oil content, composition, and accumulation during seed development are unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the transcriptome of developing seeds to
can adapt to periodic drought. They are regarded as CAM plants whose stomata remain closed during the day, with gas exchange occurring at night ( VanWoert et al., 2005 ). This physiological pathway plays a crucial role in the plant’s response to
have actually found an additive response ( Rick et al., 1968 ; unpublished data). The atv gene regulates the phytochrome response ( Kerckhoffs et al., 1997 ); Aft and Abg have not been characterized, thus it is unknown the pathway in which they
defense role to deter herbivorous insects and other unwanted visitors ( Raguso, 2004 ). For example, nicotin emitted from the flowers of tobacco ( Nicotiana attenuate ) has a defense role ( Euler and Baldwin, 1996 ). The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway has been
( Tulipia gesneriana ) ( Rebers et al., 1995 ). In Arabidopsis thalian a, cold treatment was also shown to induce an increase in GAs and bolting ( Xu et al., 1997 ). In the major GA biosynthetic pathway in higher plants, gibberellin 3-oxidase [GA 3-oxidase
) in China were reported to be semishade C3 orchids There is no conclusive evidence to indicate that the photosynthetic pathway of wild Dendrobium species endemic to China belong to the nobile type that blossom in spring, and they are different from