often display phenotypic variation ( Gill et al., 1995 ; Pelsy, 2010 ). When microsatellite markers were used among clones from many grape cultivars (which are diploids), three to four alleles were detected ( Franks et al., 2002 ; Hocquigny et al
and planted on a wide scale. More optimal parental combinations need to be selected for cross breeding, and a key step is to clarify the genetic relationships among cultivars ( Becelaere et al., 2005 ). Molecular markers are widely used as a tool for
; Liebhard et al., 2003a ; Segura et al., 2007 ), no genetic marker has been reported for the dwarfing ability of rootstocks. This means that current apple rootstock breeding programs are confined to using conventional breeding strategies. The identification
repeat (SSR), restriction fragment length polymorphism, and amplified fragment length polymorphism. The use of these molecular markers to detect variations at genomic DNA level in plant has been clearly documented ( Andreev et al., 2005 ; Gernand et al
; He and Chao, 1982 ; Wan et al., 2008 ). However, these methods are easily affected by environmental conditions and developmental stages ( Luo et al., 2001 ). Fortunately, DNA molecular marker techniques are able to overcome these limitations and act
. Augustinegrass are limited ( Busey, 1995 , 2003 ; Cai et al., 2011 ; Cathey et al., 2011 ; Kimball et al., 2012 ; Milla-Lewis et al., 2013 ; Mulkey et al., 2014 ). Mulkey et al. (2013 , 2014 ) developed simple sequence repeat markers of S. secundatum
). As a result, SSRs are simple and efficient markers useful in the analysis of codominance and highly polymorphic lines. SSRs have been used extensively in genetic diversity assessments ( Li et al., 2010a ), cultivar fingerprinting ( Wang et al., 2011
; Zhebentyayeva et al., 2003 ). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers were chosen for their distribution through the whole genome as was evidenced by Lambert et al. (2004) in apricot, and their potentially high polymorphism enabling a
fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) markers ( Fu et al., 2004 ) have been used to assess genetic diversity. Fu et al. (2004) assessed the genetic diversity of six natural populations of little bluestem in Manitoba and Saskatchewan and Huff et al. (1998
polymorphisms in expressed regions of larger genomes useful for diversity analyses and development of genetic maps ( Duangjit et al., 2013 ; Gore et al., 2009 ; Ipek et al., 2015 ; Kuhl et al., 2004 ; Martin et al., 2005 ). Molecular markers, such as