. 2003 Distribution of lutein, zeaxanthin, and related geometrical isomers in fruit, vegetables, wheat, and pasta products J. Agr. Food Chem. 51 1322 1327 Iriti, M. Faoro, F. 2009 Chitosan as a MAMP searching for a PRR Plant Signal. Behav. 4 66 68
for dark yellow kernels. Conversions exist to white kernels (gene y1 ) of all inbreds except Hi79. Hi80 is also represented by a pale yellow sibling (gene y11 ). Inbreds Hi76 and Hi82 showed unusually high levels of zeaxanthin (pro-vitamin A) in
component of NPQ and involves the increase in zeaxanthin concentrations within the plant, an important dietary nutrient for eye health ( Cohu et al., 2014 ; Niyogi, 1999 ; Semba and Dagnelie, 2003 ). ΔpH and NPQ are reversed in the dark and this sensing
and restoration in spring is highly variable and location-specific (personal observation). Han et al. (2003) demonstrated that wild-type leaves that accumulated rhodoxanthin maintained higher levels of photosynthesis with lower levels of zeaxanthin
in the xanthophyll pathway of the pale yellow genotypes. While this normally leads to an accumulation of upstream carotenoids, as is the case of lycopene in red watermelon, it may be that some intermediate xanthophyll compounds (e.g., zeaxanthin
), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) were analyzed using RT-qPCR. With the exception of LCYE in the lutein-accumulating yellow cultivar Yellowstone, and ZDS1in the lycopene-accumulating red cultivar Nutrired ( Clotault et al., 2008
, 2012 ). Exogenous Ca 2+ can facilitate the xanthophyll cycle through the Ca 2+ /CaM-mediated expression of the violaxanthin de-epoxidase gene and increase in the antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin ratio ( Yang et al., 2013 ). D1 protein constitutes the
Chloroplast movements in leaves, Influence on chlorophyll fluorescence and measurements of light-induced absorbance changes related to pH and zeaxanthin formation Photosynth. Res. 32 23 35 Colla, G. Roupahel, Y. Cardarelli, M. Rea, E. 2006 Effect of salinity
pigment concentrations remained constant. McElroy et al. (2006) , in a greenhouse study, reported carotenoid (zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, epoxylutein, and β-carotene) concentrations decreased as low-light intensity duration
15 Thompson, A.J. Jackson, A.C. Parker, R.A. Morpeth, D.R. Burbidge, A. Taylor, I.B. 2000 Abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato: Regulation of zeaxanthin epoxidase and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase mRNAs by light/dark cycles, water stress and