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used as a primary component for greenhouse plants because of its superior physical and chemical properties ( Fain et al., 2008 ). However, the demand for PM has increased and transportation costs have escalated from heightened costs of petroleum. In an
/BLK plus 49% inert (wt:wt) and 99% APE plus 1% inert (wt:wt) were obtained from Aquatrols Corporation of America (Paulsboro, NJ). Physical properties of substrates were determined with and without 1.0 mL·L −1 APG/BLK or APE. To determine substrate physical
accepted standards for physical properties of greenhouse substrates, several recommendations have been used to evaluate the substrates in this study. Jenkins and Jarrell (1989) suggested optimal ranges of 60% to 75% TP, 50% to 65% CC, and 10% to 20% AS
same substrate with differing physical properties, are layered within a container to accomplish a production goal, such as decreasing water use or nutrient leaching, or potentially reducing weed growth ( Criscione et al., 2022 ; Fields et al., 2021
, because of its chemical and physical properties ( Prasad and Maher, 1993 ; Sahin et al., 2002 ), peatmoss is the most desired substrate component used in greenhouse mixes. It is also a limited resource; therefore, a reduction in its availability can cause
chemical properties as required by the specific crop and growing conditions ( Bunt, 1988 ). One important physical property of substrates is air-filled pore space ( Bunt, 1988 ). Air-filled pores allow for drainage and gas exchange between the root
chemical properties as required by the specific crop and growing conditions ( Bunt, 1988 ). One important physical property of substrates is air-filled pore space ( Bunt, 1988 ). Air-filled pores allow for drainage and gas exchange between the root
produced from cow and poultry manures maintained suitable physical properties for production of transplants ( Bustamante et al., 2008 ). Research has (and is) being conducted incorporating composts to grow basil, coriander ( Coriandrum sativum ), peppermint
terms of playing the traditional roles of substantially modifying soil physical and chemical properties. This is because the added amounts are typically small and in the case of seaweed, which decomposes rapidly, transient. These materials are better
of the substrate rather than penetrating the substrate). In addition, length of the longest leaf of each seedling was measured on 30 Mar. 2014. Substrate physical properties (both experiments). Airspace, WHC, and total porosity were measured on a