irrigation that relies on large volumes of water ( Dukes et al., 2010 ) and often a shallow semi-impermeable soil layer. In a seepage system, the water table is perched on top of the semi-impermeable soil layer and raised to the crop root zone. This type of
the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus -resistant cv. SecuriTY 28 were transplanted at 45-cm spacing to 6.4-m plots along 91.5-m-long, raised beds with 1.5-m center-to-center bed spacing. Beds were covered with a silver, virtually impermeable film mulch
under intensive fertilization and irrigation management using drip, overhead, or seepage irrigation systems ( Olson and Simonne, 2007 ). Seepage irrigation consists of maintaining an artificially higher water table above an impermeable soil layer found
in the flat ground at a depth of 12 inches, with shanks spaced 30 inches apart. The total width of one pass was 11 ft. Fumigated soil was immediately covered with clear totally impermeable film (TIF), glued to a continuous sheet. Fumigants and TIF
installed on the surface in the middle of the beds (Jain Irrigation Inc., Haines City, FL) with a flow rate of 0.95 L/min and emitters every 30 cm. The beds were covered with black, virtually impermeable film in 2016 and totally impermeable film in 2017
cucumber seed envelope is impermeable to the nonionic, moderately lipophilic, fluorescent tracer, 7-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl) coumarin (coumarin 151) ( Salanenka and Taylor, 2008 ), except in the region that covers the radicle tip area ( Fig. 1A ). Tao and
hairs first appear ( Taiz and Zeiger, 2002 ). Further back from the tip, internal and external suberized cell layers (the endodermis and exodermis, respectively, and later the periderm) are said to make the root relatively impermeable to water ( Purves
to simulate drought stress in vitro ( Pandey and Agarwal, 1998 ). Polyethylene glycol molecules (PEG 6000) are osmotically active, inert, nonionic, and virtually impermeable to plant cells and are frequently used to induce water stress and maintain
58 Gilreath, J.P. Motis, T.N. Santos, B.M. 2005 Cyperus spp. control with reduced methyl bromide plus chloropicrin rates under virtually impermeable films in pepper Crop Protection 24 285 287 Holm, L.G. Plucknett, D.L. Pancho, J.V. Herberger, J
landscape fabric underlain by polypropylene plastic, creating a water-impermeable surface that sloped toward concrete roadways. The concrete roadways were sloped to convey drainage water to an underground drainage sump system that was accessible through