radiation, vapor pressure, and number of frost days in April and May. Derived indices include GDD as described by Winkler et al. (1974) and RPMT as described by Gladstones (1992) . Units of measure and calculation method for climatic variables are
analyzed only for complete 24-h measurements. Concentrations of water vapor [H 2 O v ] in air drawn from the chamber inlet and outlet were measured with an IR gas analyzer (IRGA; CIRAS-DC, PP Systems, Amesbury, MA) with a measurement range from 0 to 75 mb
. We used custom-built T/RH sensors (Center for Precision Agricultural Systems, Washington State University, Prosser, WA; Tarara et al., 2013 ). Saturation vapor pressure was computed from T a using Murray's equation ( Murray, 1967 ). Vapor pressure
activity ( Fenwick et al., 1983 ; Kirkegaard et al., 1996 ; Mari et al., 1993 ; Sharma et al., 2008 ; Vaughn and Boydston, 1997 ). However, questions remain as to whether the combination of steam with low vapor pressure pesticides will improve the
( Munnecke and Van Gundy, 1979 ). Soil temperature, soil moisture, microbial activity, the ratio between mixed materials, and vapor pressure of a substance are factors that determine the fate and efficacy of a pesticide in soil. Soil fumigants are substances
double bond, was more effective against spores than mycelium of the fungus and stimulated its growth at low concentrations ( Fallik et al., 1998 ). Thus, it was concluded that maintenance of a high vapor-phase level of (E) -2-hexenal was necessary to
, such as temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and Rg, and to growth parameters such as leaf area index (LAI). In addition, the influence of the N form supply (NO 3 – -N or NH 4 + -N) on P uptake and on the defined as the ratio of P and water
for the Lake County location (28.681650°N, −81.885650°W, altitude 27 m), which was located ≈15.5 km northeast of the orchard and onsite at the Marion County location. Measurements and associated comparisons of temperature, RH, and water vapor pressure
`Marsh' and `Ruby Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) tolerated a high-temperature, forced-air, vapor heat treatment of 43.5C for 260 minutes, a treatment applied for security against the Caribbean fruit fly [Anastrepha suspensa (Loew)]. Fruit did not develop symptoms of quality deterioration during subsequent storage. With `Marsh' fruit, 99% and 96% were sound, whereas with `Ruby Red' 98% and 94% were sound after storage at 10C for 28 days or 10C for 28 days plus 7 days at 21C, respectively. Differences in means for percentage of sound fruit were not significant for cultivar or vapor heat treatment. After the final storage period, there was significantly more (2.4-fold, P ≤ 0.05) aging observed on `Ruby Red' fruit than on `Marsh', averaged over all treatments. Vapor heat did not affect aging of `Ruby Red' but increased aging of `Marsh' fruit. Decay was reduced to ≈ 22.0% in vapor heat-treated fruit from 5.0% for nontreated fruit. The efficacy of thiabendazole to control stem end rot was increased on vapor heat-treated fruit compared with nontreated fruit. After the final inspection, the appearance of `Marsh' fruit was fresher (index 2.0) than that of `Ruby Red' fruit (index 2.3), but the appearance of vapor heat-treated and nontreated fruit was similar. Peel color of `Ruby Red' fruit was not affected by the vapor heat treatment, but, after 4 weeks at 10C plus 1 week at 21C, `Marsh' fruit that were not treated were greener than those treated with vapor heat. The vapor heat treatment tested is a potentially viable quarantine procedure for Florida grapefruit that can be applied without adversely affecting fruit quality during normal storage.
measured shoot-tip temperature (T shoot ) and dry-bulb temperature (T db ) in glass-glazed greenhouses during the night (1700 to 0800 hr ) during winter in East Lansing, MI (lat. 43° N) under different vapor pressure deficits (VPD). z Fig. 1. Measured