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blocks bonded with four different kinds of resin were applied during the experiment and the data were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance with the UF resin type as one factor using SPSS statistical software (SPSS version 17.0; IBM, Armonk, NY). The

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physical characteristics, that is, their ability to block light, dry quickly, and decompose slowly, contribute more toward weed suppression than the type of mulch being used ( Case et al., 2005 ; Chalker-Scott, 2007 ; Marble et al., 2015 ). In addition to

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and a small plant was one with a leaf area of less than 1000 cm 2 . Considering the capacity of formaldehyde decomposition, previous researchers recommended the type of indoor plants suitable. Lady palm ( Rhapis excelsa ), rubber plant ( Ficus elastica

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greater than 100, x is a matrix of explanatory variables, β is a vector of coefficients, and ε is an independently and normally distributed error term with zero mean and variance σ 2 . The x matrix of explanatory variables included demographics

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availability because of climate, high organic matter, low organic decomposition rates, and the soil acidification effects of moss and coniferous canopies ( Bonan and Shugart, 1989 ; Hobbie et al., 2002 ). However, it is unknown if increased fertility during

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appropriate weed-control strategy in high tunnels for growers who do not wish to use plastic mulch. High tunnels have been shown to slow decomposition of particulate organic matter relative to the open field ( Knewtson et al., 2012 ) and organic matter levels

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analysis. The effects of container type and greenhouse on plant growth (GI, SDW) and quality of plant shoots, roots, and containers were evaluated using analysis of variance ( Table 6 ). Analyses were performed for each species separately using PROC GLM of

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of variance (ANOVA) with the Sidak adjustment to maintain an overall α = 0.05. Trial was included in the ANOVA model as a fixed effect, to adjust for any overall trial difference. For shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and shoot length, variance

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different levels. Statistical analysis . All data were subjected to mixed model analysis of variance using SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC), reflecting the factorial treatment arrangement, and pooled over trial runs as there were no treatment

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as a basal application 1 week after transplanting in all trials. Urea (46N–0P–0K) at the rate of 120 kg·ha −1 was applied as side-dressing 3 weeks after transplanting. Decomposed cow dung was applied at the rate of 2.75 kg·m −2 in the Chambezi

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