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(Pritts, personal communication). Interestingly, all published low tunnel studies with strawberry have used white (or white-on-black) plastic as the ground mulch ( Anderson et al., 2019 ; Lewers et al., 2017 , 2020 ; Petran et al., 2016 ; Willden et
management is more time-consuming and expensive with plant-based mulches than with plastic groundcovers such as weed mat, especially in certified organic production systems, where herbicides have limited efficacy ( Julian et al., 2012 ; Strik and Vance, 2017
-white mulch and the reflective properties of its white upper surface, which enhanced light availability for plant growth. Thus, according to Decoteau et al. (1988) , plant growth on white plastic mulch resulted in increased early branching compared with that
consistent with those of Igbadun et al. (2012 ), who found onion yields were highest with either rice straw or black plastic mulch compared with bare ground during the dry summer season in Nigeria. In that study, seasonal water use was unaffected by mulch
containers. Plant growth impact of a white poly bag container compared with black rigid plastic container in shade was not as obvious as in full sun. Barriers or reflective materials placed on the substrate surface failed to affect RZT ( Fretz, 1971 , 1972
design. Cultural management followed regional commercial practices: in-row white plastic mulch as orchard floor management, drip irrigation (each plant received 3.4 L·h –1 , 3 h per week), and fertigation with liquid calcium nitrate (applied once a week
sudden vine decline in watermelons ( Adkins et al., 2008 ). Insecticide application combined with the use of light-reflective mulches may be a useful strategy to decrease aphid populations and control PRSV-W infectivity in commercial cucurbit fields
-emitting diode (LED) technology ( Olle and Viršile, 2013 ), as well as with colored nets ( Manja and Aoun, 2019 ), reflective mulches ( Kasperbauer, 2000 ), or bags ( Sharma et al., 2014 ). Research using LED technology has provided the most detailed information
orchard in response to the restrictive meteorological factors in the two production regions. For instance, in the Circum-Bohai production region, reflective film mulching was laid on orchard ground during the fruit ripening stage to increase the daytime
, 2GR (average weight of 43 and 20 g for ginger and turmeric, respectively) and R (average weight of 41 and 32 g for ginger and turmeric, respectively) were initially planted individually in black plastic trays [21-cm high × 27.8-cm wide × 6.2-cm deep