+ zeaxanthin, and ( H ) total carotenoids concentration of ‘Fuji’ apple peel from different sun exposure categories (Shaded, Exposed, Mild, and Mod-Sev) during regular air storage. Different letters within the same storage time indicate values are different
environments ( Amar et al., 2007 ), making β-sitosterol a good candidate for selection in rapeseed. Total carotenoids in avocado are mainly composed of β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin with lutein being the largest component ( Lu
form antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, which leads to the dissipation of excess absorbed light energy as heat ( Demmig-Adams et al., 2012 ; Horton, 2012 ; Rochaix, 2014 ). In the dark period following the light cycle, F v /F m was ≈0.815. This high F v
thylakoid lumen, activating violaxanthin de-epoxidase, which catalyzes the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to form antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin. This chemical conversion of the xanthophyll pigments facilitates the dissipation of excess light energy as heat
-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lesser amounts of additional related compounds ( Dalla Valle et al., 2007 ). As would be expected, yellow-fleshed peaches generally contain ≈10-fold levels of β - carotene and β−cryptoxanthin than their white-fleshed counterparts
Landrum, J.T. Bone, R.A. 2001 Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385 28 40 Le Marchand, L. Hankin, J.H. Kolonel, L.N. Beecher, G.R. Wilkens, L
chlorophyll a (black line) and chlorophyll b (gray line) in diethyl ether, and β-carotene (dashed line) in hexane based on data from http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/PhotochemCAD/index.html . Other carotenoids like lutein and zeaxanthin have a similar
zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids may be at reduced risk of breast cancer ( Eliassen et al., 2012 ). Carotenoids are among the most abundant naturally occurring pigments in plants, and plant foods and melon fruits are an excellent source of
stability—a review J. Food Sci. Technol. 52 1258 1271 doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1260-7 10.1007/s13197-014-1260-7 Bernstein, P.S. Li, B. Vachali, P.P. Gorusupudi, A. Shyam, R. Henriksen, B.S. Nolan, J.M. 2016 Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic
by LCYB ( Lu and Li, 2008 ; Tuan et al., 2011 ). Thereafter, two hydroxylases, β-ring hydroxylase (CHYB) and α-ring hydroxylase (CHXE), hydroxylate α-carotene to form lutein. In addition, β-carotene is hydroxylated into zeaxanthin by a carotene