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inadequate kill ( Bottenberg et al., 1997 ). A decomposing cover crop can lead to immobilization of nutrients by soil microbes ( Hoyt, 1999 ). In addition, allelopathic chemicals, from rye ( Secale cereale L.) in particular, may interfere with the growth and

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increase soil organic matter, these crops can temporarily tie up soil N in the spring and can have a slow rate of decomposition during the summer ( Morse and Seward, 1986 ). Thus, these cover crops may create an N deficiency for the succeeding vegetable

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sustainability of ecosystems. In soil ecosystems, soil microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, energy flow, and organic matter decomposition ( Unger et al., 2013 ; Yao et al., 2000 ). Consequently, these microorganisms have been widely recognized

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growth on water movement. Altland et al. (2011) demonstrated that plant roots will decrease air space and increase container capacity (CC), an effect that has been attributed to roots growing into and occupying pore spaces as well as the decomposition

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have a considerable impact on plant growth. The hydraulic properties of growing media generally provide precise information about their ability to provide good growth conditions. Peat, especially slightly decomposed sphagnum peat, is a growing medium

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after repeated cropping with certain cucurbit crops was attributed to autotoxicity of compounds in root exudates and released by decomposing root tissues ( Yu, 2001 ; Yu et al., 2000 ). Germinating seeds release many compounds that affect organisms in

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species, the independent variables were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA; Statistical Analysis System Version 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). For each type of vegetables, EP was calculated as: EP (%) = (no. of emerged seedlings/total no. of seeds

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increasing vine susceptibility to spider mites) and increased rate of organic matter decomposition leading to a decline in soil structure and poorer water penetration ( Gulick et al., 1994 ). On slopes with no floor vegetation, there is an increased risk of

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. 2014 when propagation success of each cutting was determined. All successful cuttings contained numerous healthy leaves within several age categories. Cuttings with no leaves and with decomposing stems were evaluated as dead. All frozen tissues were

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chromatography (HPLC) analysis method using ultraviolet-vis at 254 nm, as described in Sharma et al. (2014) and Wimalasiri and Wills (1983) . Statistical analyses Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using a generalized linear model procedure (SAS 9

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