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than any other mulch, resulting in what appeared to be lethal leaf temperatures in the canopy of the plants ( Decoteau et al., 1989 ; Ibarra-Jiménez et al., 2012 ; Tarara, 2000 ). Johnson and Fennimore (2005) evaluated seven colored plastic mulches

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( Neilsen et al., 2003 ; Williamson et al., 2006 ). Magee and Spiers (1995) found that white-on-black polyethylene-based mulches produced greater plant growth and yield than black plastic or black woven fabric mulches in southern highbush cultivars as a

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with tall, narrow, plastic cones during herbicide applications to prevent spray contact. Treatments established on 15 June 2005 included hairy vetch seed sown at 55 lb/acre, wheat straw spread to a uniform 3-inch depth, flax straw mulch laid with a 2

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study was to examine the effect of an aluminized plastic film (APF) and a particle-based reflective film applied to the tree (PFT and PFW) and the grass (RPF) between tree rows, each with different R/FR reflection characteristics, on apple color and

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-white mulch and the reflective properties of its white upper surface, which enhanced light availability for plant growth. Thus, according to Decoteau et al. (1988) , plant growth on white plastic mulch resulted in increased early branching compared with that

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temperature under weed mat and sawdust from 2007 to 2008 and reduced soil temperature fluctuations from day to night and with the seasons. Similar effects of plastic mulch or weed mat compared with a mulch of organic material on soil temperature has also been

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bloom. Until size-controlling rootstocks can be used, a short-term solution that improves yield or increases the proportion of target fruit will be required for orchardists to remain competitive with existing plantings. Reflective mulches have been shown

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-harvest practices: one experiment Expt. 1: Orchard management: summer pruning and reflective mulch. The first part of the orchard included 24 trees per each of six cultivars (‘Dayton’, ‘Delorina’, ‘Ella’, ‘Santana’, ‘Sultanat’, and ‘Zarya Alatau’). Trees were

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resistance in the earliest plantings and gradually incorporate those with increased levels of virus resistance as the season progresses. Although cultural methods such as reflective plastic mulches can reduce levels of virus ( Boyhan et al., 2000 ); genetic

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never been validated using organic insecticides. Cultural methods like intercropping and reflective plastic mulch inconsistently suppress disease in organic systems ( Cline et al. 2008 ; Haber et al. 2023 ). Similarly, the efficacy and profitability of

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