the PAL2NAL tool ( Suyama et al., 2006 ). The values of the Ka/Ks ratio are depicted for positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1), negative selection (Ka/Ks < 1), and neutral selection (Ka/Ks = 1) as described by Yang and Nielsen (2000) . The divergence time of
, which comprise 15% to 25% of below-ground allocated carbon, include sugars, organic acids, amino acids, secondary metabolites, peptides, proteins, and lipids ( Kuzyakov, 2002 ). Among them, sugars are the most abundant and serve as a direct energy source
., 1981 ), saponins ( Klomann et al., 2010 ; Oishi et al., 2007 ), triterpenes ( Tan et al., 2008 ), and lipids ( Klomann et al., 2010 ) in bitter gourd fruit have been linked to antidiabetic effects (see Tan et al., 2016 for additional health benefits
important components in the wax of the cuticle. A study on grapes showed that the young grapes had higher level of triterpenoids, which gradually decreased during ripening, but the neutral triterpenoids showed a slight increase ( Pensec et al., 2014
. Southwestern pecan orchard soils typically have alkaline pH and are calcareous, whereas southeastern U.S. soils tend to be neutral to acidic ( Chang, 1953 ; Worley, 1994 ). Plant available Mn, more specifically Mn 2+ , and other micronutrients are less soluble
, CT) ( Bremner, 1996 ; Mertens, 2005a , 2005b ). Assays of antioxidant enzyme activity were performed according to the methods of Agarwal and Pandey (2004) , Angelini et al. (1990) , Gong et al. (2001) , and Yordanova et al. (2004) . Lipid
has specificity toward oomycetes ( Lyr, 1995 ; Vuik et al., 1990 ). Etridiazole disrupts the lipid structure of cell membranes ( Radzuhn and Lyr, 1984 ) and inhibits respiration by binding to the mitochondrial membrane between cytochromes b and c
humidity, and they were pollinated naturally. Fertilization (100 mg·L â1 N from Peters Azalea neutral fertilizer 20Nâ8Pâ20K; Plant Products Co., Brampton, ON, Canada) and irrigation were applied when it was necessary. Dormancy requirements were met by
nonphotoinhibitory (see âResultsâ). Light was measured twice weekly with a line quantum sensor (model LQSV-E; Apogee Instruments, Logan, UT) and intensity was adjusted by installing a neutral-density shade-cloth attached to the lamp barrier of the growth chamber
-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma, also known as cold plasma ( Adhikari et al., 2020 ; Niedźwiedź et al., 2019 ). Cold plasma, also known as the fourth state of matter, is a cold, gas-like mixture of charged particles (including ions and free electrons), neutral