associated with the quantum yield of noncyclic electron transport, was estimated from (F m ′ – F t )/F m ′ ( Genty et al., 1989 ). The fraction of photons absorbed by PSII, which was not used in photochemistry or dissipated in the PSII antenna (%X), was
The photosystem II reaction center is the most sensitive reaction center in photosynthesis to heat stress ( Wen et al., 2005 ). Heat stress decreases photosynthetic electron transport activity and variable fluorescence and maximum fluorescence (Fv
for the events of absorption, trapping, electron transport, and dissipation on a RC basis [ABS/RC = (M 0 /Vj)/(Fv/Fm), TR 0 /RC = M 0 /Vj, ET 0 /RC = M 0 /Vj·ψ 0 , DI 0 /RC = (ABS/RC) – (TR 0 /RC)] were calculated as well as quantum efficiencies on an
chloroplasts is dissipated through three reciprocally related pathways: photosynthetic electron transport, chlorophyll fluorescence, and heat dissipation ( Hendrickson et al., 2004 ). F V / F M reflects the ability of antenna pigments to absorb and convert
a corresponding decrease in electron transport and ATP synthesis, ultimately resulting in oxidative damage ( Bjorn, 2004 ; Rao et al., 1996 ). High ultraviolet-B may also affect photosynthesis indirectly by photobleaching and photodegradation of
actual production. Proteins related to electron transport. Two proteins related to electron transport were identified in our study. S1 is a protein of cytochromases and S5 is a protein of hemoglobin binding proteins. Cytochrome enzymes and hemoglobin
total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates accompanied by a partial inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II (PSII) in response to Al 3+ have been reported in some species ( Chen et al., 2005a , 2005b ; Chen, 2006
. Growing seedlings at high densities (up to 4000 plants/m 2 ) can make supplemental lighting more cost-effective ( Graper et al., 1989 ; van Iersel, 2017 ). The energy from photons absorbed by photosynthetic pigments can be used for electron transport in
the measuring system, the air temperature was maintained at 30 ± 3 °C, leaf temperature at 28 °C, relative humidity at 50% ± 10%, and CO 2 concentration at 400 μmol·mol −1 . The photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) was then estimated from Ф
the lumen (ΔpH) during PSN also senses changes in light, regulates electron transport, and modulates nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) in PSII ( Foyer et al., 2012 ; Kono and Terashima, 2014 ). The photoprotective xanthophyll cycle is a significant