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organic matter and ash that remains after organic matter is thermally decomposed in a low-oxygen environment ( Lehmann and Joseph, 2009 ). Biochar addition has been shown to impart beneficial chemical and physical attributes to mineral soils ( Barrow, 2012

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, Cary, NC). Levene’s test was performed to evaluate the assumption of homogeneity of variances and the Shapiro–Wilk test performed to evaluate the assumption of normality. Parametric data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Least squares fit

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-based component, PBH may have limitations with respect to its use in long-term crops because of softening and decomposition of the particle. Some potential alternative components designed to provide drainage and AFP in a substrate (e.g., shredded rubber, ground

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containers were made with paper with a 4- to 6-month decomposition timeline. The bioplastic container is composed of a biopolymer (Mirel; Metabolix, Cambridge, MA), based on polyhydroxyl alkanoate polymers and produced by fermenting renewable carbon

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liquid formulation consists of 60% of the N as methylene urea polymers and 40% of the N as urea. The fertilizer releases nitrogen by microbial decomposition and is completely soluble in water ( Reyes et al., 2008 ). Several case studies have been

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supplement sunlight, and measuring plants in the middle of the day. Therefore, the results from the 2006 experiment are presented here. The effect of pathogens on leaf surface temperature and other parameters was determined by the analysis of variance using

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-loving fungus Penicillium simplicissimum . Usually, fungal decay promotes losses of constituents of the affected organs. Fungi digest food outside its cells by secreting acids and powerful hydrolytic enzymes that decompose complex molecules into simpler

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physically inhibit it from reaching the soil to control emerging weeds ( Locke and Bryson, 1997 ). Teasdale et al. (2003) reported that hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa ) increased decomposition rates and initial soil solution of metolachlor. This led to reduced

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was a completely randomized design with nine independent replications per substrate and sampling time. An analysis of variance was conducted to determine if substrate component, component percentage, or sampling time in greenhouse environment affected

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between head firmness and density. Twenty-four-day-old plants of crisphead lettuce varieties Ithaca 989, Emperor, Onondaga, and Summertime were transplanted on 28 June 2002 to a well-decomposed muck soil in Saint-Blaise, Quebec. Bed size, weed control

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