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extended PAR quantum sensor (PQ-612; Apogee Instruments, Logan, UT, USA) and spectral distributions with a spectroradiometer (SS-110; Apogee Instruments). Environmental parameters were monitored by third-party sensors as well as internal chamber sensors. We
butterhead, but not romaine, lettuces compared with lettuce grown in the open field ( Zhao and Carey, 2009 ). In contrast, lettuce grown in the field under 50% black shade had greater marketable head weight and diameter, and chlorophyll and carotene content
realizing, “Beneath the forest canopy the intensity of radiation is decreased but the region of 730 nm is enhanced relative to 660 nm because of the filtering action of chlorophyll” ( Hendricks and Borthwick, 1963 ) . This led to studies in the natural
chlorophyll a:b ratio, and increased shoot:root ratio to boost light capture and utilization ( Gommers et al. 2013 ; Ruberti et al. 2012 ; Valladares and Niinemets 2008 ). However, other aspects of far-red photon inclusion and shade response potentially
). Visually, early leaf senescence and leaf chlorosis from chlorophyll degradation can be seen under severe salt toxic effect. Salt stress can reduce A predominantly through stomatal limitation ( Brugnoli and Lauteri, 1991 ; Downton et al., 1985 ), or
radiation ( PAR ). The PPFD was measured using a ceptometer (MQ-301 Line Quantum with 10 sensors and handheld single external quantum sensor; Apogee Instruments, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and expressed in μmol·m −2 ·s −1 . PPFD was measured beneath the
lamps (ES330; Lumigrow, Novato, CA) over the bench and measured using a quantum light sensor (LI-190SA; LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE). Air temperature and relative humidity were measured using a shielded temperature/relative humidity sensor (1400
tissue ( Sethu et al. 1996 ). Discoloration in green tissue is caused by chlorophyll degradation, whereas texture change is mainly caused by water loss ( Barrett et al. 2010 ; Giannakourou and Tsironi 2021 ; Toivonen and Brummell. 2008). During our study
( PAR ) was determined from quantum sensors (LI-190R; LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) that were positioned at canopy height in eight CSTRs. On hot, sunny days, air temperature was moderated by closing the overhead greenhouse shadecloth, thereby reducing PAR