protection of plant cultivars and for practical breeding purposes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA markers have become useful in identifying cultivars, analyzing provenance studies, evaluating genetic diversity, and identifying the locations of
Grant, 1983 ). The application of genetic markers has done little to resolve the debate concerning the interplanting of mixed flowering types. Isozymes developed for avocado ( Torres et al., 1978 ; Torres and Bergh, 1978 , 1980 ) have been used
agathonica Hottes ( Dossett and Finn, 2010 ), improved vigor and adaptability ( Dossett, 2011 ), and a wealth of genetic diversity not available in black raspberry cultivars ( Dossett et al., 2012 ). Molecular markers would aid efforts to efficiently
and around the world. However, current selection methods rely predominantly on phenotypic expression at flowering or thereafter. Marker resources to aid in selection efforts are limited. In the late 1990s, Zhang et al. (2000) developed a random
pattern of three wild accessions and one cultivar of P. vaginatum from Guangdong Province were analyzed by RAPD molecular marker technique ( Xie et al., 2004 ). Four introduced cultivars and one thick-stem mutant of P. vaginatum were assessed using
the introgression of the recessive ZYMV resistance gene into cultivated lines, molecular markers could prove useful as they would accelerate the breeding process by eliminating the need for an additional self-pollination step in each backcross to an
We acknowledge P.N. Miklas for developing the Middle American population; N. Weeden for the initial identification of the linked B355 1000 RAPD marker, and L. Afanador for assisting with disease screening. This research was supported in part by the
used in lawns, sports fields, and shaded turf ( Zheng et al., 2005 ). The development and application of DNA-based molecular markers has revolutionized the study of genetic diversity ( Kalendar et al., 2011 ). DNA-based molecular markers are often
-agronomical characteristics, several biochemical (e.g., enzymes) and molecular markers have been established to identify walnut varieties and to estimate genetic diversity ( Bernard et al. 2018b ). Identification of varieties based on phenotypic observations is slow
sequence repeat (SSR) markers. SSR markers are hypervariable, codominantly inherited, and widely distributed in the genome making them very informative for plant studies ( Kalia et al., 2011 ). Furthermore, SSR markers are sometimes transferable to closely