Abstract
The discovery in Anatolia (western Turkey) of carbonized remains of apples (Malus P.) and at Swiss prehistoric sites of apples, walnuts (Juglans regia L.), bullace (Prunus insititia L.), sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), and European grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) dating back to 6500 bc shows that man had been collecting and using wild fruits as food for many thousands of years (ref. 1, p. 2 and 3). In Britain, the pollen, wood, and fruits of hazel nut (Corylus avellana L.) frequently have been identified in postglacial deposits (ref. 1, p. 227). Hazel nut is indigenous throughout Europe, western Asia, North Africa, and the Caucasus; it has been suggested that the nuts provided a source of food later replaced by cereals (ref. 1, p. 226).
Abstract
People familiar with the tropics are aware of the wide variety of fruits grown in these regions. Some tropical fruits such as bananas, pineapples and papayas are available in temperate zone markets. However, such exotic tropical fruits as mangosteen, carambola, and star apple are rarely, if ever, seen in markets outside the tropics. Other fruits such as citrus, avocados and mangos, which are adaptable to the tropics as well as the sub-tropics, are commonly consumed in the temperate zone. Then there are those temperate fruits such as strawberries, pome fruits and cantelopes that may be adapted to production in certain areas of the tropics. Since bananas are the major tropical fruit exported to temperate zone markets, the handling practices involved with this crop will be described. Considerations for handling other major and minor tropical fruits will be discussed also.
plant species between Central Asian institutions and interested scientists and organizations around the world. Literature Cited Abdrakhmanov, S.G. 1969 Brief results of the selection and breeding of new cultivars of pears and stone fruit crops. Trudy
Regionalization is a contemporary issue facing those of us involved in research, teaching and extension in the area of agricultural and environmental sciences. Primarily, regionalization involves sharing of intellectual resources (i.e., scientists, specialists) across institutional boundaries to accomplish common objectives. While at times it seems that regionalization is simply a euphemism for down-sizing, the issue can actually be broader reaching than that. Given our increased ability for virtual technology transfer, the global market our clientele face, and the ever decreasing budgets for agriculture, regionalization may well be a key to meeting the needs of those we serve in the most cost efficient way. Hopefully, as we regionalize, the efforts will be synergistic. There also has to be awareness that personal contact with our constituents is still highly desirable for many. The purpose of this forum is to gain perspectives, both pros and cons, from those involved in regional efforts. These perspectives will include an administrator, a regional faculty, and an extension specialist/agent. Also, there will be two examples of regional efforts that are underway: the USDA–ARS Southern Horticultural Laboratory and the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium.
Our understanding of the quantities and seasonal patterns of nutrient uptake by mature fruit trees has been limited by the difficulties in working with the large woody biomass of these organisms, tree-to-tree variability, and the resolution to distinguish between recently acquired nutrient from the nutrient background of the tree. We have coupled the use of stable isotopes of nitrogen (N) with periodic whole-tree excavations and nutrient analyses during the year. Vegetative growth, reproductive growth, and nutrient storage in perennial tree parts during tree quiescence represent nutrient sinks. Data obtained using mature pistachio, prune, and walnut trees indicate that macronutrient accumulation in metabolic sinks is associated with increases in tree macronutrient uptake. These data are consistent with the concept that sink removal of phloem-mobile nutrients from vascular circulation may provide the stimulus to further uptake of the nutrient(s) sequestered. We propose that the recognition of those patterns can be used to increase the efficiency of tree nutrient recovery and utilization.
Abstract
The effects of plant nutrients on citrus fruit quality cannot be considered independently of their effects on yield. In some cases quality can be improved by sacrificing some yield;however, from the overall economic point of view, it is usually advantageous to sustain maximum fruit yield even though there may be some sacrifice in fruit quality. This report emphasizes the nutrient effects on quality in the ranges in which we expect maximum yield to be sustained. If the deficient ranges for yield are included, the degree of effects on quality is greater. The nutrient ranges and effects discussed are primarily those encountered by the authors under California conditions.
Abstract
Conjugation of 14C-1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was followed in leaf discs of apple, apricot, grape, orange, peach and pear. NAA was metabolized by all crops studied. Free NAA and 2 metabolites that chromatographed with naphthylacety1-β-D-glucose (NAG) and naphthylacetylaspartic acid (NAAsp) constituted 90% of the radioactivity recovered, NAG was the major metabolite (45-90%) followed by NAAsp (5-30%) and NAA (2-22%). Conjugation was most complete in orange (98%), intermediate in apple, apricot, peach and pear and least in grape (68%).