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impregnates wood material with sulfuric acid in the presence of hot gases (933 °C) resulting in a decrease in decomposable cellulose, which results in lower microbial activity and need for N ( Bollen and Glennie, 1961 ); and 4) a process for treating wood

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and seasonal pattern of rainfall is expected to have higher variance than today; hence, concern arises about disruption to food production systems because of drought or excess water. Illustrative examples are drawn substantially from annual and

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storage tissues such as the crown and woody stems and in the fall from senescing leaves ( Mohadjer et al., 2001 ; Rempel et al., 2004 ; Strik et al., 2004 ) and externally from decomposition of plant tissues such as senesced leaves and roots and pruned

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ornamentals ( Klett et al., 1972 ). But, microorganisms involved in decomposition of raw wood residues are more efficient than higher plants in nitrogen absorption and assimilation ( Alexander, 1961 ). Large amount of nitrogen must, therefore, be added to wood

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the importance of organic matter stability and carbon (C):nitrogen (N) ratio. The high C:N ratio of wood substrates, resulting in the tie-up of N resulting from microbial immobilization, and wood substrate stability (decomposition) over time have been

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). Because composts applied as an organic mulch on the soil surface are decomposed much more slowly than those incorporated into the soil, they can serve as a season-long mulch. They can also improve the water-holding capacity and reduce the bulk density of

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were analyzed with the analysis of variance procedure using SAS (version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and subjected to regression analysis using SigmaPlot (version 9.01; SPSS, Chicago, IL) with the exception that substrate physical properties were

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were composites of all aboveground biomass from three 7.4 × 10-cm areas. Wood chip duff samples were taken by clearing away intact wood chips and taking three samples of ≈20 g of decomposed wood chip litter. Soil and wood chip samples were sieved to

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., 2012a , 2012b ; Goud et al., 2004 ; Momma et al., 2006 ; Shennan et al., 2011 ). Soil treatment using ASD involves incorporation of an easily decomposable C source, covering the soil with plastic, and then irrigating the topsoil to field capacity

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increased dissolved organic C (DOC) concentration and greater solubility and movement of zinc and other nutrients in soil ( Royer et al., 2007 ; Wright et al., 2005 ). The decomposition of SOC contributes to increases in soil DOC, but deposition and decay

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