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impregnates wood material with sulfuric acid in the presence of hot gases (933 °C) resulting in a decrease in decomposable cellulose, which results in lower microbial activity and need for N ( Bollen and Glennie, 1961 ); and 4) a process for treating wood
and seasonal pattern of rainfall is expected to have higher variance than today; hence, concern arises about disruption to food production systems because of drought or excess water. Illustrative examples are drawn substantially from annual and
storage tissues such as the crown and woody stems and in the fall from senescing leaves ( Mohadjer et al., 2001 ; Rempel et al., 2004 ; Strik et al., 2004 ) and externally from decomposition of plant tissues such as senesced leaves and roots and pruned
ornamentals ( Klett et al., 1972 ). But, microorganisms involved in decomposition of raw wood residues are more efficient than higher plants in nitrogen absorption and assimilation ( Alexander, 1961 ). Large amount of nitrogen must, therefore, be added to wood
the importance of organic matter stability and carbon (C):nitrogen (N) ratio. The high C:N ratio of wood substrates, resulting in the tie-up of N resulting from microbial immobilization, and wood substrate stability (decomposition) over time have been
). Because composts applied as an organic mulch on the soil surface are decomposed much more slowly than those incorporated into the soil, they can serve as a season-long mulch. They can also improve the water-holding capacity and reduce the bulk density of
were analyzed with the analysis of variance procedure using SAS (version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and subjected to regression analysis using SigmaPlot (version 9.01; SPSS, Chicago, IL) with the exception that substrate physical properties were
were composites of all aboveground biomass from three 7.4 × 10-cm areas. Wood chip duff samples were taken by clearing away intact wood chips and taking three samples of ≈20 g of decomposed wood chip litter. Soil and wood chip samples were sieved to
., 2012a , 2012b ; Goud et al., 2004 ; Momma et al., 2006 ; Shennan et al., 2011 ). Soil treatment using ASD involves incorporation of an easily decomposable C source, covering the soil with plastic, and then irrigating the topsoil to field capacity
increased dissolved organic C (DOC) concentration and greater solubility and movement of zinc and other nutrients in soil ( Royer et al., 2007 ; Wright et al., 2005 ). The decomposition of SOC contributes to increases in soil DOC, but deposition and decay