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Abbreviations: CK, cytokinins; LWP, leaf water potential. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate

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response given to carbohydrate sources, plant growth regulators, or basal media ( Guiltinan and Maximova, 2000 ). The present study was aimed at improving the induction of T. cacao somatic embryogenesis by combining several auxins and cytokinins. To the

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Abstract

Several investigators have noted the stimulation of growth of dormant apple buds by cytokinin (1, 2, 3). The present study was initiated to determine whether cytokinin can substitute for chilling, to break the rest period of dormant peach buds.

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development, providing complementary information to the study by Fang et al. (2021) . In addition, we evaluated the effect of various cytokinins added to the medium on the germination of mature seeds and the growth of protocorms. Materials and Methods

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and reducing labor cost ( Kender and Carpenter, 1972 ). Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate cell division and play central roles in shoot branching ( Brenner and Schmülling, 2012 ). Several studies showed that cytokinins synthesized in the stem

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) water (W); 2) 10 m m urea (N10); 3) 20 m m urea (N20); 4) 15 µ m cytokinin (transzeatin riboside, ZR) (CK); 5) 10 m m urea + 15 µ m cytokinin (N10CK); and 6) 20 m m urea + 15 µ m cytokinin (N20CK). Pots were sprayed with 10 mL of solutions at each

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, cytokinins, gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene. Hence, the tools needed by the organic horticulture industry are known, but remain largely unavailable for use in commercial organic crop production. In addition, there are only a few

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; Miller, 1983 ). The interaction of endogenous auxins and cytokinins is thought to play a role in the control by apical dominance of lateral bud activity in the spring and during shoot development ( Sachs and Thimann, 1967 ; Theron et al., 1987 ; Wickson

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both genetically and environmentally regulated senescence are associated with hormonal changes with either upregulating or downregulating effects ( Nooden and Leopoid, 1988 ). Ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinins are three major phytohormones

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Abstract

Cytokinins applied to axillary buds of apple shoots overcame apical dominance. Axillary buds on actively growing apple shoots produced spurs and lateral branches when treated with cytokinins. Buds on shoots that had not received sufficient chilling to break rest were also induced to grow with cytokinins.

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