(blanket) treatments. There were fewer effects of burial depth on annual weed seed viability when the pipe and spike-hose steam injection systems were used instead of the steam blanket ( Table 4 ). All treatments in both trials reduced little mallow
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF INKBERRY Survival and growth of two beach species produced in containers of differing volume and depth were evaluated following transplanting at Santa Rosa Island, Fla. Thetford et al. (p. 554 ) report that gulf bluestem survived
beach environments with underground rhizomes ( Hester and Mendelssohn, 1987 ; Lonard et al., 2011 , 2012 ; Wagner, 1964 ), which are stimulated to grow by sand burial ( Lane et al., 2008 ; Wagner, 1964 ). Declining stands of sea oats in the northern
degradation of cover crop residue, and higher crop yields ( Birthisel, 2018 ; Lounsbury et al., 2018 ; Rylander et al., 2020 ). These tarping benefits may advance organic reduced tillage systems by decreasing tillage depth, intensity, and frequency before
irrigated twice per day (10:00 am and 4:00 pm ) with the equivalent of 1/2 inch of water per irrigation. Plants were grown out for 6 weeks to allow establishment, then one bench-grown plant was introduced to each tub (water depth ∼4 inches above the
a depth of 30 cm on 9 May 2012. Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) sawdust (Lane Forest Products, Eugene, OR), aged for 1 year, was spread out in a 2.5-cm-thick layer across the field and incorporated with a 127-cm-wide rototiller (Howard
terminated and aboveground biomass was chopped into ≈5-cm-long pieces of residues using a flail chopper (model 5700; Hiniker Company, Mankato, MN) and then rototilled into the soil at a depth of 10 cm on 21 Sept. 2017 and 26 Sept. 2018, respectively. In 2017
Sept. 2011, the remaining mulch in each whole plot was incorporated to a depth of 6 inches by rototilling with two passes of the tractor. After the mulch in each whole plot was incorporated, the rototiller tines were inspected and any mulch found on the
cellulose mulch and 2% to 49% (51% to 98% degradation) for starch-based mulch after 12 months of burial ( Li et al., 2014 ). Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) and pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ) are heavy fruits that can rest directly on the biodegradable mulch
buried at a depth of 2 inches. One day before chile pepper seeding, which was 20 to 24 d after packet burial, packets were recovered from the field and brought to the laboratory. At the laboratory, packets were opened and seeds were placed on moistened