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Research on the use of controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) in California vegetable production has been conducted for more than 30 years. Since Lorenz et al. (1972) evaluated CRF for potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum

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nodules have commercial potential in nursery production and urban landscapes ( Kratsch and Graves, 2004 ). Slow-release fertilizer and CRF gradually deliver mineral nutrients (mainly N) to plants and have been widely used in nursery production ( Adams et

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, 1993 ). Controlled-release fertilizer can be used to provide plants with adequate nutrition and minimize runoff because CRFs release nutrients gradually ( Broschat and Moore, 2007 ; Cox, 1993 ) and are less prone to leaching than water

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combination of preplant CRF application and in-season N fertigation. There has been a significant evolution over recent decades in cultural practices used and in cultivars grown; yields have increased 140% over the past 50 years ( Shaw and Larson, 2008 ) and

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container. The CRF was layered 1 inch under the top of the substrate. We use a randomized block design with 12 plastic 18-gal rectangular tubs (large storage tubs) filled with rainwater from surface ponds at the research center to create a submerged growing

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more slowly available sources, such as CRFs, provides an alternative management practice to reduce nutrient movement. Unlike WSFs, CRFs release nutrients in smaller quantities over longer periods of time ( Shuman, 2002 ). Past research indicates

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delivery strategies used included CLF, CRF, and PF treatments. Constant liquid fertilization is the standard industry practice for greenhouse production, whereas CRF and PF provide alternative approaches. Controlled-release fertilizer refers to a fertilizer

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structures ( Handreck and Black, 2002 ; Wulfsberg, 2000 ). Consequently, they both have a high potential for moving with water once dissolved. Nitrogen leaching from CRF formulations depends on the dissolution and transport of nutrients through a polymer

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the physiological requirement ( Oertli, 1980 ). Recent studies have shown that controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) applied as part of a citrus fertilization program could reduce N leaching on Florida sandy soils ( Alva and Tucker, 1993 ; Dou and Alva

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controlled-release fertilizer (CRF; referred to collectively as S/CRF) release N, and in some cases, other fertilizer elements, at different rates and through different mechanisms ( Sartain et al., 2004 ). These release mechanisms will be discussed below

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