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properties as required by the specific crop and growing conditions ( Bunt, 1988 ). An important physical property of substrates is air-filled pore space. Air-filled pores allow for drainage and gas exchange between the root environment and the outside
Dark Brown) sandy loam soil over soil with properties similar to that in Expt. 1 ( Wittneben, 1986 ). Trees of ‘Granny Smith’/‘M.9’ were planted in Apr. 2000 at a spacing of 0.9 × 3.5 m (3175 trees/ha) and trained as super spindle. Four treatments were
Five container substrates—3 pine bark (PB) : 1 peat (PT) : 1 sand (SD), 3 PB : 1 recycled paper (RP) : 1 SD, 2 PB : 2 RP : 1 SD, 3 vermiculite (VM) : 1 RP : 1 SD, and 2VM : 2 RP : 1 SD—were used to grow rose-of-sharon (Hibiscus syracus L. `Double Purple') and forsythia (Forsythia ×intermedia Zab. `Lynwood Gold') for 4.5 months. The control substrate (3 PB:1 PT:1 SD) had higher concentrations of NH4 * in leachate than other substrates at each of four sample times during the growing season except 4 Aug. Leaf number and leaf area per plant and height of rose-of-sharon were greater and the leaf area per leaf was smaller in all substrates containing recycled paper than in substrates without recycled paper. Forsythia plants had greater stem and root dry weights and were taller in substrata without recycled paper than plants in substrates with recycled paper. Processed recycled paper is a possible component for container nursery plant production, but further testing on a large number of species is needed before widespread implementation.
. Relative to plant requirements, a suitable combination of physical and chemical properties of the potting mix is needed to ensure satisfactory plant performance ( Clark and Zheng, 2015 ; Raviv et al., 2004 ). Species-specific growing substrates are
contribute positively to the substrate water holding capacity, air space, total porosity, and plant available water. Physical properties. As expected, the variation in particle size distribution likely contributed to considerable changes in the physical
enhance the physical and chemical properties of a pine bark nursery substrate ( Neal and Wagner, 1983 ) and again as a component in the growth of azalea [ Rhododendron obtusum ( Wagner and Neal, 1984 )]. Coal cinders were found to contain high
growth in containers to achieve optimal benefits from container production. This review addresses several abiotic factors influencing root growth in containers: physical and chemical properties of substrates, pot characteristics, and temperature. We will
as input for physical models to derive specific properties of the surface ( Jarlan et al., 2002 ; Zine et al., 2005 ). However, physical models can often be difficult to parameterize, so simpler moisture retrieval methods have been presented, such as
with sodium vapor lights from 0600 to 2000 hr . A sample of each substrate was set aside at the time of potting to determine physical properties. Substrates were packed in Al cores (3 inches tall by 3 inches i.d.) according to methods described by
consequence of excessive energy intake and/or insufficient energy expenditure (i.e., energy imbalance), which is largely associated with modifiable behaviors like physical activity ( Janssen et al., 2005 ), screen time ( Sisson et al., 2011 ), and dietary