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paraffin sections and cryosections, and the relationship among the structure, components, and physical properties were illuminated. The aim of this study was to ascertain the influence of shell structure and components on the physical properties of the
volume of substrate in which water, gas, and solute availability can fluctuate over a short period of time ( Polak and Wallach, 2001 ). Physical properties of substrates known to affect roots include AS, container capacity (CC), total porosity (TP
their availability, favorable physical properties, and lack of detrimental chemical constituents ( Handreck and Black, 2002 ). A saleable containerized crop can be produced quickly in bark substrates; however, water and nutrient uptake efficiencies may
[CC; which is the equivalent to the waterholding capacity (WHC) of a substrate] during crop production so that growing conditions remain favorable for plant growth. Physical properties of substrates considered appropriate for plant growth at planting
as a result of their manufacturing process and physical properties) and were derived from a mixture of various tree species, primarily spruce ( Picea abies L.). Jackson and Wright (2008) and Jackson et al. (2008) report no significant visual
Laboratory testing is often conducted to characterize static physical properties followed by controlled environment or field experiments to develop and refine substrate recommendations for crop producers. Porometers are used to quantify maximum
most common base medium for soilless substrates; peatmoss has great physical and chemical buffering properties for soilless substrates due to its high cation-exchange and water-holding capacities, good aeration, and resistance to decomposition ( Fonteno
drainage and aeration in peat-based substrates. More recently, Buck and Evans (2010) revealed that given its physical properties, ground PBH can be used as a suitable replacement for up to 40% peatmoss to grow greenhouse crops. A preferred container
of the research conducted on the physical properties of biocontainers has been focused on short-term crops such as annual bedding plants grown using overhead irrigation systems. However, many greenhouse crops are grown as potted florist crops that
A new tube method for determining physical properties in container substrates was compared to an existing system. While both offer the advantages of undisturbed substrate and measurement of properties without altering the geometry of the substrate in the container, the tube method is easier to conduct. Both methods proved equally effective for determining air-tilled porosity, container capacity, total porosity, bulk density, and particle density.