( Hanak and Davis, 2006 ; Hartin et al., 2018 ). A study of landscape water use in Los Angeles, CA, estimates that lawn evapotranspiration (ET) accounted for ≈70% of total ET of urban landscapes in 2010 ( Litvak et al., 2017 ). Furthermore, impacts of
Turf lawns are estimated to cover roughly 2% of the continental United States ( Milesi et al., 2005 ), mostly in highly urban areas. Although management of lawns varies by function and individual manager, it is typically characterized by three
In past surveys, lawn care and landscape maintenance professionals have reported their willingness to adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies and use nonchemical pest management alternatives ( Braman et al., 1998a ; Garber and Bondari
and Kiefer, 2010 ; Kenney et al., 2004 ). For instance, The Southwest Florida Water Management District (2018 ) uses year-round conservation measures in which lawn watering is limited to no more than twice per week. In contrast, the City of Santa Fe
Retail lawn seed products sold in local stores in the upper midwestern United States contain kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis ), perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) , tall fescue ( Schedonorus arundinaceus ), and/or fine fescue species
Lawns have aesthetic, functional, and monetary value, and represent an important part of most urban landscapes. Attractive landscaping conveys a favorable impression in a business setting and may increase the value of residential properties by as
al., 1978 ; Shepard et al., 1989 ; Turgeon, 1980 ). Leaves are consequently produced close to the ground, and in some species, the production of stolons and rhizomes can increase. Mowing is based on height and frequency. A tall fescue lawn is
in the transition zone may avoid use of zoysiagrass because they object to its long duration of brown color during dormancy. ‘Chisholm’ zoysiagrass is a suitable turfgrass for residential and commercial lawns, parks, and golf courses in the transition
The symbolic power of the lawn is substantial. Although a person’s home and neighborhood are a “public portrait of themselves” ( Nassauer, 1995 ), the lawn is not merely an individualistic endeavor and is subject to communal-social and regulatory
reestablishing method is yet to be identified for damages in cool-season lawns caused by diesel or hydraulic fluid spills. Bioremediation is a process of using microbes to degrade hydrocarbons ( Aislabie et al., 2006 ). Nitrate nitrogen added to soils