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supplemental photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ) of ≈30 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 at plant height [as measured with a quantum sensor (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE)] when outdoor irradiance was less than 250 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 from 0600 to 2200 hr . The substrate
) = [(FW−DW)/(TW−DW)] × 100. Chlorophyll content was determined according to Jiang et al. (2010) . Leaf proline and TSS content. The leaf proline content was determined as described by DaCosta and Huang (2006) . The TSS content was estimated using
fruit ripening, and impaired fruit quality as previously reported for peach [ Prunus persica ( Sanz et al., 1997 )] and sweet orange [ Citrus sinensis ( Pestana et al., 2011 )]. Severe reductions in yield are associated with decreased leaf chlorophyll
, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were included to help elucidate anticipated physiological responses to intracanopy SL for greenhouse tomato production during opposite seasonal-transition experiments. Additionally, fruit-yield and energy
al., 2011 ; Lynch et al., 1989 ; Munns, 1988 , 1993 , 2011 ; Munns and Tester, 2008 ; Schachtman et al., 1991 ). Putatively, each of the limiting factors can be sensed by an elaborate system of stress sensors and then translated into a broad
monitored daily by a quantum sensor (LI-190SA; LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) and a spectrometer (USB 200; Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL), respectively ( Supplemental Fig. 1 ). The PPF was maintained at 200 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 by adjusting the distance between LED light
; Yeh and Hsu, 2004 ). Heat stress leads to drastic changes in the cell membrane stability and ultimately influences the sensors present in the membrane ( Suzuki and Mittler, 2006 ). Therefore, understanding how plants respond to stress is an important
multiple greenhouse lighting scenarios and found higher daily light integral (DLI) increased growth rate and carbohydrate partitioning. Chlorophylls a and b absorb radiation maximally in the red (663 and 642 nm, respectively) and blue (430 and 453 nm
Kinmonth-Schultz and Kim (2011) . In each chamber, temperature/light sensors (HOBO Pendant Temperature/Light senor; Onset Computer, Bourne, MA) recorded temperature and illuminance (kilolux) every 15 min for the experimental period January to June ( Fig. 1
% of G radiation (525 nm) ( McCree, 1972 ). Radiation transmission and reflection are higher for G radiation than for B or R radiation. Although chlorophylls a and b on the adaxial leaf surface absorb most B and R radiation and little G radiation