determination of carbohydrates with Dreywood’s anthrone reagent Science 107 254 255 Richardson, M.D. Karcher, D.E. Purcell, L.C. 2001 Quantifying turfgrass cover using digital image analysis Crop Sci. 41 1884 1888 Stier, J.C. Gardner, D.S. 2008 Shade stress and
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turfgrass establishment ( Baldwin, 2008 ; Fagerness et al., 2000 ; McCullough et al., 2007 ). McCullough et al. (2007) reported that TE increased BRD on creeping bentgrass and ultradwarf bermudagrass by 25 cm over untreated turf. Shade-stressed ‘Diamond
temperature response of C 3 and C 4 photosynthesis Plant Cell Environ. 30 1086 1106 Snow, J.T. 1982 Early spring greenup—Don't push it USGA Green Sec.Rec. 20 6 8 Stier, J.C. Gardner, D.S. 2008 Shade stress and management 447 472 Pessarakli M. Handbook of
improving the activity of the enzymes CAT, APX, POX, and SOD ( Arghavani et al., 2012 ). In addition, TE induced shade-stress tolerance in creeping bentgrass by promoting the SOD enzyme activity ( Ervin et al., 2004 ). Light traffic stress enhanced the POD
during in vitro culture. Plant seedling germination and morphogenesis are significantly regulated by light quality ( Lee et al., 1996 ). Plants’ adaptation to light quality is usually associated with their strategy of adapting to shade stress in the
shade stress. Further, black currant germplasm could be screened to determine shade-tolerant and disease-resistant cultivars. These superior cultivars would be useful in a breeding program to further enhance productivity under shade. Black currants may