program, 95% always completely cleaned out after each crop whereas 11% interplanted (planted another crop after boxwood) in the rotation program. A total of 63% of growers removed plant debris located under the plant rows immediately after each pruning
most time-consuming task (data not shown). Irrigation and pruning were tied for second most time-consuming tasks, followed by debris removal (data not shown). Due to the different conditions on these roofs, the time spent on irrigation varied from zero
, without increasing pH significantly or providing excessive soluble salts and mineral N. For example, in Oregon, yard debris composts were applied as mulch (not incorporated) in two separate trials on a silt loam soil ( Sullivan and Bell, 2015 ; Sullivan
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens cause destructive diseases on many important vegetable crops throughout the world. Satisfactory chemical control measures for bacterial pathogens have not been achieved. Recommended control measures are: use of disease-free seed and transplants; hot water treatment of seed if feasible; suitable rotations; deep plowing of plant debris; and use of resistant cultivars if available (13, 50, 51, 53, 73, 75, 76, 77).
Hurricane Andrew created over 17 yrs. of wood debris in a few hrs. in Dade County on 8-24-92. The rush to burn debris contributed to respiratory health problems. Through meetings with FEMA, Army Corps of Engineers, Dade County and environmental groups, SCS and SDSWCD pushed the idea of recycling this waste. Mulching and eventual composting of wood debris and using farmland as reuse sites were promoted. A joint pilot project established a team of mobile chippers coordinated by representatives of each agency. FEMA funded the project and chippers began working in groves after trees were trimmed and branches were stacked in tree rows. Over 600 ha. ware chipped and mulched during the 10 wk. contract period. More than 800 ha. are to be done under a new contract. Mulched material from other sites were delivered free to landowners who covered exposed roots of trees and replaced soil blown away by high winds. Over 200,000 m3 of mulch were delivered 5 mos. after the hurricane and 1.2 million m3 more were requested. For final pickup of debris, central grinding sites ware established and mulch was hauled to growers for mulch or compost.
planting, yard debris compost (≈2 cm deep-centered on the row; 76 m 3 ·ha –1 ) and douglas fir sawdust (≈5 cm deep; 200 m 3 ·ha –1 ) were incorporated before forming the raised beds in Sept. to Oct. 2006. Immediately after planting, the beds were first
.) Franco var. menziesii ; 360 m 3 ·ha −1 ]; b) a 4-cm-deep layer of municipal yard-debris compost (152 m 3 ·ha −1 ) covered by 5-cm-deep douglas fir sawdust (200 m 3 ·ha −1 ) (compost + sawdust); and c) weed mat [black, woven polyethylene groundcover
2012 ; Lamont 2005 ). Despite these benefits, the use of PE mulch can cause environmental pollution because it is generally nonrecyclable due to contamination with soil and crop debris after use ( Kasirajan and Ngouajio 2012 ). This leaves growers with
The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), causal agent of black rot disease in crucifers was tagged with the luciferase gene complex of the marine bacterium Vibrio fisheri. The growth of the bioluminescent strain in plants and the environment can be monitored by its light emissions. Susceptible cabbage plants were either mist, wound or debris inoculated in the field, soil was inoculated with debris or with suspension culture of genetically engineered Xcc. Plant, soil and air samples will be taken at biweekly intervals to monitor the spread of the bioluminescent bacterium within as well as outside the environmental release site. The transfer of exotic DNA to other bacteria in the environment will also be studied.
Abstract
Use of certain pesticides over a 3-year period caused a marked build-up of plant debris (thatch) of ‘Kentucky’ bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf above the soil surface. Applications of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, dieldrin and chlordane, resulted in a thatch layer of 20 mm or more. The use of the carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, caused an average match thickness of 1.3 mm. The plots that received no insecticides or the mercuric fungicide, phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA), had no measurable thatch. The match depths were closely associated with plant debris wt.
As the no. of earthworm burrows increased, the amount of thatch decreased. Where earthworms were present to any extent, thatch was virtually non-existent.