Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were transformed using microparticle bombardment with two different genes, alpha-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and Chinese cabbage Glutathione Reductase (GR) gene. The adventitious shoots of cotyledonary explant from 4-day-old seedlings were formed (46.7%) in MS basal media supplemented with 5.0 μm IAA and 1.0 μm 2ip. When 1100 psi helium pressure, 9 target distance, and coating with tungsten 10 microparticles were used and explants were treated with osmoticum-conditioning medium (0.6M sorbitol/mannitol), 4 h prior to and 16 h after bombardment, it was identified by GUS assay that these conditions were the most efficient for transformation of foreign genes into cotyledon tissue of lettuce with particle bombardment. PCR confirmed that the band observed in the transgenic plants were originated from T-DNA tranfer with strong hybridization. The genomic Southern analysis showed that the 1.5-kbp fragment was hybridized with radiolabeled 1.5-kbp GR probe. To know whether the expression of the GR gene can be stably maintained in the next generation, when T2 selfing seeds that were obtained from the transformed mother plants were sowed on MS medium supplemented with 200 μm kanamycin, 70% of seedlings were revealed resistance to kanamycin.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Crispa) grown under salt stress. The study was conducted in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Lettuce seedlings were treated with seed and foliar 24-EBL applications at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 3 μM). Salinity treatments were established by adding 0, 50, and 100 mm of sodium chloride (NaCl) to a base complete nutrient solution. Results showed that salt stress negatively affected the growth and mineral content of lettuce plants. However, seed and foliar applications of 24-EBL resulted in greater shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight as well as higher stem diameter than the control under salt stress. Salinity treatments induced significant increases in electrolyte leakage of plant, but foliar 24-EBL application reduced leaf electrolyte leakage and has determined lower values of leaf electrolyte leakage than non-treated ones. In regard to nutrient content, it can be inferred that 24-EBL applications increased almost all nutrient content in leaves and roots of lettuce plants under salt stress. Generally, the greatest values were obtained from 3 μM 24-EBL application. Treatments of 24-EBL alleviated the negative effect of salinity on the growth of lettuce.
With a high nitrate supply, and most frequently under low-light conditions, lettuce accumulates relatively large amounts of NO3-as a result of an excess of uptake over reduction. Different approaches, which are used to reduce leaf nitrate, often result in a yield loss. A computerized aeroponic system, which supplies different nitrate concentrations in accordance with the changeable light conditions (dynamic light-dependent application of nitrate), was used to reduce nitrate accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) var. Capitata cv. Vanity. Under unfavorable light conditions nitrate was supplied at limited rates (slight, medium, and strong reduction) to the plants. In response to given light conditions the nitrate supply was reduced close to one-half or one-fourth of the full nutrient solution (8 mmol·L-1 NO3-). Controlled nutrition resulted in efficient reduction in leaf nitrate. In the early-spring experiment the average nitrate content in outer leaves was decreased by 9%, 63%, and 92% and in the late-spring experiment the decrease was 23%, 58%, and 76% compared to control. At the same time, the controlled, light-dependent nitrate deprivation did not result in a loss of a lettuce yield (except in the treatment with strong nitrate reduction) and had limited effects on photosynthesis (P N-C i measurements) and photosynthetic pigments.
.73 ± 0.27 g), followed by ‘Red Butter’ (1.57 ± 0.33 g) and ‘Red Oakleaf’ (1.48 ± 0.30 g). Table 1. Analysis of variance for shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and tipburn rating at harvest for Lactuca sativa (‘Green Butter’, ‘Oak
’ > ‘Cireo’ ( Fig. 1 ). Table 1. Analysis of variance for the impact of year, transplanting date, and cultivar on anthocyanin concentrations in leaves of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) grown at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Muck
Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) is a globally important horticultural crop, and many pre-existing and emerging diseases constrain production throughout the world. Host resistance is often the most sustainable and economically viable control method, if
In addition to their physiological and metabolic roles, anthocyanin (Antho) levels in lettuce contribute to visual and nutritional value-based assessments of crop quality. Although 7 genes are now thought to help regulate Antho synthesis, deposition and/or degradation in lettuce, the genetic and abiotic controls of Antho levels remain less well characterized in lettuce than other plants. Previous greenhouse studies demonstrated that Antho levels in diverse lettuce varieties are a function of temperature and lighting regimen. Here, three strongly related Lolla Rossa-type varieties (`Lotto', `Valeria', and `Impuls') varying in the number of genes controlling intensity of anthocyanins were subjected to differential temperature conditions in growth chambers to better discern the independent and interactive effects of temperature (T) and variety (V) on Antho levels. Fifteen day-old seedlings were placed into one of three chambers maintained at 20 °C day/night (D/N), 30 °C/20 °C D/N or 30 °C D/N. Antho levels were measured in leaf tissue collected 30 d after transplanting. The entire experiment was replicated twice. Although significant, the T x V interaction resulted from differences in the magnitude, not direction, of the change in Antho concentrations among varieties with changes in T. This suggests that T was a main driver of Antho levels in this study. Regardless of V, Antho concentrations were highest, moderate and lowest after growth at 20 °C D/N, 30 °C/20 °C D/N and 30 °C D/N, respectively. Likewise, regardless of T, Antho levels followed the pattern `Impuls' (three genes) > `Valeria' (two genes) > `Lotto' (one gene). Correlations among instrumented and human eye-based evaluations of color are also being tested in samples from both studies.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted in the Dominican Republic to determine the effect nitrogen (N) and the biostimulant folcysteine on the yield of `Black Seeded Simpson' lettuce. Plants were individually grown in plastic containers filled with loamy soil and treated with combinations of N and folcysteine. N rates (35, 70, 105, 140, 175, and 210 kg/ha) were applied at planting, while folcysteine (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm) was applied as a foliar spray when the plants had five true leaves. Plants were harvested 50 days after planting. The results show that there was an interaction of the effects of N and folcysteine on lettuce yield. The highest yields were obtained with combinations of 300–400 ppm of folcysteine and 140–210 kg N.
Abstract
Achene color and leaf-type genes are linked, with p = 0.34. Achene color and male-sterility genes are linked, with p = 0.39. Leaf-type and male-sterility genes are independently inherited. Achene color and virescent chlorophyll-deficiency genes are linked, with p = 0.03. Thirty-four other linkage comparisons showed independent inheritance.
Endive-type leaf and chlorophyll deficiency are each regulated by recessive alleles. Three separate recessive alleles control albinism.
Abstract
Each of 3 albino characters is governed by a single recessive gene. Virescent chlorophyll deficiency, pale yellow flower, golden flower, abaxial leaf hairs, and plump involucre shape are also regulated by single recessive genes. Male-sterility is inherited as a single dominant.