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was considered as factor (not the crop-load), and for each treatment six replicates were used. All data collected were statistically analyzed with R software version 3.4.3 ( R Core Team, 2017 ) using analysis of variance followed by Student
experimental unit variances, and with multiple measurements being made over time within each (block, treatment) combination. Date was added to the statistical model to measure fixed time effects. A control for autocorrelation showed none, resulting in a split
. Harris et al. (2004) cautions that decomposition and shrinkage of organic amendment or mulch can lead to grade and planting depth problems if high rates are used. Surface mulching with organic materials without incorporation has been shown to improve
, TSS, and pH were analyzed separately by year. All data, except for flowering, were analyzed by analysis of variance using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (SAS 9.2; SAS, 2011 ) with PC and BL being fixed variables, whereas replication was the random
were repeated independently for three times. Statistical significance was tested by one-way analysis of variance using IBM SPSS Statistics ( SPSS version 20.0; Armonk, NY), and the results were expressed as the means ± sd . The significant differences
–Kramer honestly significant difference test. To account for the heterogeneity structure in each dataset, cultivars with highly variable values such as ‘Draper’ were assigned independent variance parameters ( Little et al., 2006 ). The incidence of root rot
measurements were repeated three times. Statistical analysis. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance ( SAS Institute, 2009 ). Results were considered significant at P < 0.05. After running the SAS program, the critical ranges (least
for one variable in O. horridus ), and initial root biomass (when present) as covariables. When one of the covariables was significant ( P < 0.05), results of ANCOVA were presented; otherwise, results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) were presented
growing season. Statistical analysis. Data were subject to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for chlorophyll content and root growth, with differences among means determined according to Tukey’s multiple comparison test. A two-way repeated measures
activity was assayed by measuring the increase of absorption at 470 nm due to the oxidation of guaiacol; CAT activity was assayed by measuring the decrease of absorbance at 240 nm for 1 min, which reflect the ability to decompose H 2 O 2 ; APX activity was