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appeared using thermal maps and thermal bruise depth. By multiple regression analysis, the results of analysis of variance showed that impact energy and impact region had a significant effect on temperature, which provided the basis of nondestructive fruit
the onset of water stress on leaves from the distal, medial, and basal shoot positions. Statistical analysis. Results were tested for homogeneity of variance and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean separation test (Student
soil surface was mulched with 6 cm of partially decomposed Douglas fir [ Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] bark chips. After transplanting, plants were not irrigated or fertilized. The site was in partial shade after ≈1300 hr . Measurements
values of both the yield and weeding time between the two sites for each of the three treatments in the 2011–12 trials (for this set of t tests, we assumed that the variances of both the yield and weeding time of each treatment would be different at the
through increased organic matter decomposition and improved nutrient availability ( Mueller and Kussow, 2005 ). Exogenous application of seaweed extracts has been observed to improve growth, yield, and stress tolerance of many crops such as wheat
Version 5.03 software (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for elemental amounts and concentrations, winter injury rankings as well as flower number and duration data with differences among means
). Biochar is a highly stable, carbon-rich residue produced by pyrolysis, a process by which biomass is thermally decomposed under low oxygen conditions and typically at temperatures <700 °C ( Lehmann and Joseph, 2009 ). Essentially, any form of biomass can
strategies with cultural practices such as the use of drip irrigation to reduce periods of leaf wetness, incorporating crop residues into the soil after harvest to facilitate residue decomposition and a decline in Xhc inoculum in the soil, and a minimum 3
-based turfgrass systems ( Zontek and Kostka, 2012 ). Hydrophobicity develops due to formation of hydrophobic organic substances around soil particles associated with living or decomposing plants or microorganisms ( Doerr et al., 2000 ; Zisman, 1964 ). Although
). Statistical analysis. Results in the Tables and Figures are the means of three replicates expressed based on oven-dry weight. Data were analyzed by a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the effects of treatment, sampling time, and soil