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). Beds were 15.2-cm-tall by 81.3-cm-wide spaced on 1.83-m row centers covered with a 27.3-μm-thick totally impermeable film plastic mulch (Vaporsafe RM, TIF, 1.5-m; Raven Industries, Sioux Falls, SD). In 2017, a preplant homogenized fertilizer consisting

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with attached fumigation system and fertilizer hopper (SuperBedder; Kennco Manufacturing, Ruskin, FL). Beds were 6-inch-tall by 32-inch-wide spaced on 6-ft row centers covered with a 1.1-mil-thick totally impermeable film plastic mulch [TIF (Vaporsafe

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impermeable polyethylene mulch because of accumulation of NH 4 ( Ozores-Hampton et al., 2009 ). Soil texture. Soil texture alone does not influence nutrient release from CRF. However, soil texture does influence soil moisture holding capacity and to some

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recommendations. Raised beds were formed using a power take-off (PTO)-driven walk behind tractor and rotary plow (853; BCS America, Portland, OR). White over black totally impermeable film polyethylene plastic mulch (1.1 mil) (Guardian Agricultural Plastics Corp

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, seedling pools were dug with dimensions of 1.2 m × 1.2 m × 0.25 m (length × width × depth). The pools were shaped as an inverted trapezoid, with a wide top and a small bottom. The interiors of these pools were covered with an impermeable membrane; then, 50

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injection of metam sodium, drip tape was laid in the center of the raised bed 2.5 cm below the bed surface, and the entire bed was covered with black-on-black totally impermeable film in 2018 and with black-on-white low-density polyethylene mulch during both

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virtually impermeable films (VIF), have been reported to retain some materials in the soil for a longer period, allowing efficacy to be maintained while using a lower rate of chemical ( Gamliel et al., 1997 ; Noling et al., 2005 ). Currently, the low

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a water-impermeable cover for storage of substrate amended with fertilizer. Future challenges for container nursery plant producers will focus on greater efficiency of irrigation and fertilization. However, an increase in the number of producers

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rain. In short, spodosols have an impermeable layer that transforms a field into a giant bathtub. When it rains, water needs to be pumped out of the field to prevent flooding. Currently, a zero-discharge system on deep sand soils does not seem

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irrigations, limiting nutrient leaching. Drainage, the presence or absence of impermeable soil diagnostic horizons, and whether the citrus grove is bedded all have considerable influence on citrus root distribution. Because of the need for adequate drainage

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