with emitters every 30 cm and a flow rate of 0.95 L⋅min −1 ⋅30 m −1 ) were installed (Jain Irrigation Inc., Haines City, FL); then, beds were covered with virtually impermeable plastic mulch (Berry Plastics Corp., Evansville, IN). Tomato with bell
provide a transient water-impermeable coating on plant surfaces and increase resistance to water vapor loss ( Sutherland and Waters, 2002 ). Historically, film-forming polymers have been used as antitranspirants to reduce water loss of bare-root woody
,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin (40:60) at a rate of 123 and 134 kg·ha −1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively (Intergro, FL), and covered with virtually impermeable film, black in 2013 and metalized in 2014 (TriEst Ag Group, NC). In both years, pre-plant dry
virtually impermeable film (0.038 mm; Berry Plastic, Evansville, IN). A CRF mix (Florikan ® , Sarasota, FL) composed of coated, homogenized NH 4 NO 3 and urea (28N–0P–0K, 100- and 140-d release) and coated KNO 3 (12N–0P–40K, 180-d release) (1.4:1:1.2, by
an impermeable base sheet or layer usually made of polyethylene or polypropylene, a drip line along that base, and a layer of geotextile fabric over top of the drip line. The geotextile material facilitates mass flow and disperses irrigation water and
bags (100% humidity) for the entirety of the growing season ( Tukey, 1959 ) develop russet, similar preliminary experiments in arid environments using water-impermeable but breathable resin bags have not been so conclusive (E. Curry, personal
). Beds were 15.2-cm-tall by 81.3-cm-wide spaced on 1.83-m row centers covered with a 27.3-μm-thick totally impermeable film plastic mulch (Vaporsafe RM, TIF, 1.5-m; Raven Industries, Sioux Falls, SD). In 2017, a preplant homogenized fertilizer consisting
to growers, information provided by the manufacturer (Imaflex, Inc., Thomasville, NC) suggests that for equal thickness and impermeability of fumigant gases, metalized-striped mulch costs only 2.7% more than entirely black plastic mulch. Overall, our
species for growth in dry environments and is particularly relevant for urban environments characterized by restricted soil volumes and impermeable surfaces ( Sjöman et al. 2015 ). It is of significant interest as a quantifiable measure of drought
with attached fumigation system and fertilizer hopper (SuperBedder; Kennco Manufacturing, Ruskin, FL). Beds were 6-inch-tall by 32-inch-wide spaced on 6-ft row centers covered with a 1.1-mil-thick totally impermeable film plastic mulch [TIF (Vaporsafe