landfill. A GWP of the propagation trays and inserts were assumed to be manufactured from polystyrene using a blow-mold technology, transported a distance of 200 km and landfill disposal of used material. Polypropylene tubing manufactured from low
nutrient solution handling and disposal ( Resh, 2015 ). However, closed hydroponic systems require constant monitoring of pH and salt levels, which can become challenging for indoor gardeners. Maintaining a balanced nutrient solution within hydroponic
disposal of plastic mulches ( Hemphill, 1993 ). An alternative would be to use biodegradable film mulches, but they are often prohibitively expensive ( Kasirajan and Ngouajio, 2012 ). In addition, to achieve adequate soil to plastic contact with film
-term production and shipping conditions. Once planted, the containers are intended to rapidly break down and allow plant roots to penetrate the pot and grow into the soil. The use of plantable containers eliminates container removal and disposal costs and can
bluegrass turf Agron. J. 78 1002 1006 Tchobanoglous, G. Burton, F.L. 1991 Wastewater engineering treatment, disposal and reuse Metcalf & Eddy Inc. McGraw-Hill, New York Tesfamariam, E.H. Annandale, J.G. Steyn, J.M. 2009 Exporting large volumes of municipal
heat stress in some crops during hot weather ( Gruda, 2008 ). Another major disadvantage of using nonbiodegradable polyethylene plastic mulches is that they require annual removal and proper disposal ( DÃaz-Pérez and Batal, 2002 ). Using black plastic
.S. 1988 Preliminary investigations of composting as a method of dead bird disposal. Proc. Natl. Poultry Waste Mgt. Symp. p. 65–72 Murphy, A. Gilliam, C.H. Fain, G.B. Torbert, H.A. Gallagher, T.V. Sibley, J.L. Boyer, C.R. 2011 Low-value trees as alternative
( Shukla et al., 2014 ), potentially reducing the impacts of the agricultural production on the water source and downstream water quality. Conversely, the major disadvantages of the plasticulture system include the removal and disposal of the plastic and
over multiple-week time scales would reduce the need to make fresh solutions, thereby reducing cost, minimizing disposal issues, and potentially reducing chemical load into the environment. Such information would be very helpful to bulb forcers and
. Martinez, I. 2010 Salinity and specific ion effects on onion establishment in relation to disposal of desalting concentrates Desalinization and Water Treatment 16 381 392 Munns, R. 2002 Comparative physiology of