preparation, soil type, and temperature. In the red raspberry production system, fumigants are applied without covering the soil with a polyethylene or impermeable tarp, which can leave the top 4–6 inches of soil untreated, making it a reservoir for RLN in
propagation technique for most orchids. Nevertheless, seeds of a few genera of terrestrial orchids are still considered difficult to germinate ( Kano, 1968 ). The causes of low germination may relate to the impermeability of the seedcoat ( Lee et al., 2005
pH of 7.6 and 1.2% organic matter ( University of California, Davis, 2021 ). The soil was flat fumigated in June 2016 via shank injection of 300 lb/acre of chloropicrin (Trinity Manufacturing, Hamlet, NC) and covered with totally impermeable film
confocal fluorescent scanning microscopy observations of cells incubated in 100 m m sucrose, the endocytic marker Alexa-488, and the membrane marker FM 4–64. FM 4–64 is a membrane-impermeable polar fluorochrome that fluoresces upon intercalation to the
consistently increased as the stratification length increased ( Table 3 , Fig. 2 ). Like the seedcoat, the embryo and endosperm contain significant amounts of ABA ( Piaggesi et al., 1991 ). The seedcoat of stone fruits can be largely impermeable, meaning that
hopper (SuperBedder; Kennco Manufacturing, Ruskin, FL). Beds were 6 inches tall by 32 inches wide spaced on 6-ft row centers covered with a 1.1-mil-thick totally impermeable film plastic mulch (Vaporsafe RM, TIF, 60 inches; Raven Industries, Sioux Falls
,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin (40:60) at a rate of 123 and 134 kg·ha −1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively (Intergro, FL), and covered with virtually impermeable film, black in 2013 and metalized in 2014 (TriEst Ag Group, NC). In both years, pre-plant dry
al., 1999 ). Subsurface flow-constructed wetlands consist of a lined or impermeable basin filled with a coarse medium having high hydraulic conductivity, typically gravel, and wetland plants ( Kadlec and Knight, 1996 ). They can be operated in flow
, which consists of a lined or impermeable basin filled with a coarse medium, typically gravel, and wetland plants ( Kadlec and Knight, 1996 ). Wastewater flows horizontally or vertically below the surface of the media to prevent exposure to humans or
bags (100% humidity) for the entirety of the growing season ( Tukey, 1959 ) develop russet, similar preliminary experiments in arid environments using water-impermeable but breathable resin bags have not been so conclusive (E. Curry, personal