(Li-6400-40; LI-COR). The ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F v /F m ) was measured (Li-6400-40; LI-COR); this is an estimate of the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) for electron transport. Reduced F v /F m indicates damage to PSII
. (2007) , which estimated the maximum carboxylation rate of ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, Rubisco; the maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport, and triose phosphate use. During gas exchange measurements, chlorophyll
concentration control photosynthetic activity in the rind such as activation of the photosynthetic electron transport system or the concentration or activation of RuBisCO protein. Mandarin fruit showed much higher PEPC activity than leaves on both a protein and
has numerous reports on differences in functional characteristics between sun and shade leaves. In general, sun leaves have greater photosystem activity, speed of electron transport, quantum yield, carboxylation efficiency, and photosynthetic capacity
more than sufficient to afford protein thermoprotection ( Hottiger et al., 1994 ). Physiological levels of maltose, glucose, and trehalose having a measurable effect in protecting electron transport chain activities were reported in heat-shocked pea
99 119 10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00106-6 Griffiths, D.E. Wharton, D.C. 1961 Studies of the electron transport system. XXXV. Purification and properties of cytochrome oxidase J. Biol. Chem. 236 1850 1856 10
, 2004 ). Xu et al. (1995) reported that increases in temperature during maturation of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) enhanced leaf senescence, accentuated the loss of chloroplast integrity, and accelerated the decline of PSII-mediated electron
photosynthesis and related changes in photosystem II electron transport in winter wheat Plant Physiol. 128 1087 1097 10.1104/pp.010919 Zavaleta–Mancera, H.A. Franklin, K.A. Ougham, H.J. Thomas, H. Scott, I
Resistance Action Committee, 2020 ). Both class of fungicides interfere with the cellular respiration of the target organism by inhibiting the electron transport system in mitochondria. This results in low or no energy generation in the target organism
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or free radicals is an unavoidable consequence of the electron transport involved in respiratory and photosynthetic pathways that normally occurs in plant tissue ( Arora et al., 2002 ; Toivonen, 2004 ). However, stress