). However, active osmotic adjustment was also reported to develop only in situations in which water stress was imposed gradually for an extended period of time ( Arndt et al., 2000 ). The relationship between water stress and changes in concentrations of
osmolytes in plants under salinity conditions ( Delauney and Verma, 1993 ; Misra and Saxena, 2009 ), and it is often considered to be involved in stress resistance mechanisms. In addition to its role as an osmolyte in osmotic adjustment ( Ashraf and Foolad
components are shown in Table 1 . Before transplanting, the pH of the 13 resulting mixtures of charcoal:volcanic rock:peat was adjusted to 6.3 to 6.5 with dolomitic limestone or agricultural-grade sulfur. Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of the
). The compounds involved in osmotic adjustment differ widely in different species ( Patakas et al., 2002 ; Rizhsky et al., 2004 ; Vasquez-Robinet et al., 2008 ). Showler (2002) found that Phe, Thr, Val, and total free amino acids significantly
et al. (2002) used a similar reduction to 20% of maximum tree evapotranspiration and reported ≈80% reduction in stem water potential by the end of the dry-down period. Osmotic adjustment of Prunus species has been reported to occur after prolonged
a surprisingly low turgor ( Knoche et al., 2014 ; Schumann et al., 2014 ). The mechanism by which low turgor is maintained despite a massive accumulation of carbohydrates and, hence, a very negative osmotic potential is at present unknown. Barring
—which provide osmotic adjustment in plant roots and leaves. In addition, AM fungal hyphae act like additional plant roots, creating an efficient pathway for increased water and nutrient transport and uptake ( Rapparini and Penuelas, 2014 ). In our study, AM
osmotic regulators: sucrose 6% (SUC6), sucrose 8% (SUC8), mannitol 2% (MAN2), mannitol 4% (MAN4), mannitol 8% (MAN8), and sorbitol 2% (SOR2), sorbitol 4% (SOR4), sorbitol 8% (SOR8). The media were solidified with Gelrite (2.2 g·L −1 ) and adjusted to a pH
, J.S. 1985 Osmotic adjustment and the inhibition of leaf root, stem and silk growth at low water potentials in maize Planta 164 540 549 Wu, Q. Zou, Y.N. Xia, R.X. Wang, M.Y. 2007 Five Glomus species affect water relations of citrus tangerine during
under traditional water stress, one plant adjusted itself in two manners, including osmotic regulation and high tissue elasticity, to maintain its turgor pressure. The Ψ w sat revealed that the highest water potential of the turgor pressure (the