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Ci (380–390 μmol·mol −1 CO 2 ). Table 4. Effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or magnesium (Mg) deficiencies on net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), and intercellular carbon dioxide
intercellular air volumes. Accordingly, for some regular cellular lattices, it was demonstrated that there is a simple mathematical relation between the flattening pressure and cell turgor ( Calbo and Nery, 2001 ). In these lattice models, the flattening
, in ‘Braeburn’ apple leaves bearing low or no crop load ( Wünsche et al., 2005 ). This reduction may have been induced by plant growth regulators or it may be a response to a change in intercellular CO 2 concentrations. Moreover, the availability of
Lichtenthaler and Wellburn (1983) . Photosynthetic activity measurements. The net photosynthetic rates (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci) were measured in the field on sun-exposed leaves (n = 10 leaves per tree
). To reduce transpiration and improve the water utilization rate, plants will close stomata and constraint the diffusion of CO 2 . Uneven stomatal closure reduces intercellular CO 2 concentration and thus affects the photosynthetic rate of plants
adventitious root growth from the scion with the chamberless healing method reduces the need to remove them before transplanting to the field. No differences in transpiration rate, net CO 2 assimilation rate, intercellular CO 2 concentration, g S to CO 2
photosynthetic parameter measurement, light intensity of the leaf chamber was set to 200 μmol⋅m −2 ⋅s −1 , temperature at 25 °C, CO 2 concentration at 400 μmol⋅m −2 , and relative humidity at 70%. Net photosynthetic rate ( P N ), g S , intercellular CO 2
to Ls =1 – C i /C a , where C i is the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration and C a is the ambient CO 2 concentration ( Duan et al., 2014 ). Instantaneous WUE (InstWUE) at the leaf scale was calculated as the amount of carbon gain in
absorption spectrophotometer (ZEEnit-700P; Analytik Jena AG, Jena, Germany). The photosynthesis parameters of the leaves, including net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr
lower saponin concentrations of 12.5 and 25 µg·mL −1 reduced in recoverable E. coli populations and were similar to the inoculated treatment without saponin and contained populations that ranged from 2.15 to 2.32 log cfu/mL. The inoculated treatments