deposits overlap with peak tourist seasons. Tourists often expect pristine beaches free from any debris and view seaweed mats as poor beach maintenance ( Gaskill, 2015 ). In local economies that are highly dependent on tourism dollars, maintaining or
harvest of all live plant material. The plants were separated into aboveground shoots and belowground roots. Shoots were shaken to remove any soil particles or other debris, then placed in paper bags and moved to a forced-air oven set for 65 °C. The roots
). Inoculated and noninoculated plants were grown for 2 months. Next, an aliquot of the root was taken with a core sampler (23 mm diameter and 110 mm length) from 26 plants of each treatment. Roots were washed with tap water to remove soil debris and then
fungus can persist in soil and plant debris for decades with repeated infection each year. The close plant spacing and overhead irrigation used in most annual plantings create highly favorable environmental conditions for sporulation and infection by S
two layers of cheesecloth to remove any culture debris, and then spores were counted with a hemocytometer. To prepare inoculum, a mixture of conidia collected from plates of the 10 isolates was used to inoculate detached stems from B. sempervirens
completed in all plots in the spring of 1997, 1998, and 2001 to encourage new growth of perennial cover crops. Treatments were ended in Spring 2005 by prescribed burning surface plant debris to remove cover crop thatch for ease of tilling 15 cm into the soil
width was also measured. Shoots and roots were separated and dried for 96 h at 65 °C. Thatch was separated from green living tissue by hand selection of aboveground dead tissues and organic debris and dried for 96 h at 65 °C. Dried samples were weighed
sward. Following the treatments, all clippings and debris were removed from the plots before seeding. Spring plantings were seeded on 12 Apr. 2012 and 16 Apr. 2013. Summer plantings were seeded on 19 July 2012 and 23 July 2013. Fall plantings were seeded
GS04; Graden Company, Victoria, Australia). After all debris was removed, the area was seeded at 390 kg·ha −1 on a Garrison gravelly silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic, Typic, Torrifluvent). Plots were fertilized at
in Manhattan, KS ( Okeyo et al., 2011 ). Stolons were rinsed under tap water to remove soil debris, surface-sterilized with 0.5% NaOCl for 3 min, and finally rinsed in two changes of distilled water. Prepared stolons were subsequently propagated in