to improve the physical properties of compacted soils. In compacted soils, tillage breaks up massive structure, thereby increasing soil pore space and allowing water to infiltrate and roots to penetrate through the soil profile ( Lipiec and
contribute positively to the substrate water holding capacity, air space, total porosity, and plant available water. Physical properties. As expected, the variation in particle size distribution likely contributed to considerable changes in the physical
-Kristensen (2005) assessed the suitability of miscanthus clippings for use as a container substrate by measuring various physical properties of this material and other composted crop residues. Their ( Dresboll and Thorup-Kristensen, 2005 ) research did not include
Organic amendments, including municipal and animal sources of biosolids, can be applied to improve soil physical and chemical properties and turfgrass establishment, growth, and quality ( McCoy, 1998 ). Although the amendments contribute total and
enhance the physical and chemical properties of a pine bark nursery substrate ( Neal and Wagner, 1983 ) and again as a component in the growth of azalea [ Rhododendron obtusum ( Wagner and Neal, 1984 )]. Coal cinders were found to contain high
growth in containers to achieve optimal benefits from container production. This review addresses several abiotic factors influencing root growth in containers: physical and chemical properties of substrates, pot characteristics, and temperature. We will
as input for physical models to derive specific properties of the surface ( Jarlan et al., 2002 ; Zine et al., 2005 ). However, physical models can often be difficult to parameterize, so simpler moisture retrieval methods have been presented, such as
water availability in the rhizosphere strongly depend on the physical properties of the substrates, which in turn are conditioned by the shape and size of their constituent particles ( Da Silva et al., 1993 ; Hanan et al., 1981 ; Raviv et al., 2002
treatments have been used to preserve the nutritional and sensory properties of the fruit ( Bounous, 2002 ; Conedera et al., 2005 ) and to keep the fresh commodities against physiological and biological losses during postharvest periods, such as water curing
Jackson (2014) found that the substrates used in the nursery industry are typically aged from 6 weeks to more than a year. Both physical and chemical properties of substrates are affected by their age and management before use. Generally, as substrates