reintroduce economically important disease pathogens. Several plant pathogens, including bacteria ( Schuster, 1959 ; Thompson, 1965 ), fungi and oomycetes ( Dukes et al., 1997 ; Easton et al., 1969 ; Gill, 1970 ; MacDonald et al., 1994 ), and nematodes
diseases of ornamentals such as sudden oak death caused by the oomycete Phytophthora ramorum and the dutch elm fungal disease caused by Ophiostoma sp. were introduced into the United States on infected plant material into one state and later spread to
including nematodes (e.g., root-knot, Meloidogyne ), fungi (e.g., Verticillium , Fusarium , Pyrenochaeta , and Monosporascus ), oomycetes (e.g., Phytophthora ), bacteria (e.g., Ralstonia ), and several soil-borne viral pathogens ( Louws et al., 2010
subsequent reduction in yield and orchard production life. Among factors implicated in RD etiology are soil pathogens including a variety of bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes ( Manici et al., 2003 ; Mazzola, 1998 ; Mazzola and Manici, 2012
viruses, fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and insects. The most destructive virus diseases in watermelon are caused by papaya ringspot virus, watermelon mosaic virus, and zucchini yellow mosaic virus ( Strange et al., 2002 ). The most devastating fungal and
. Panopoulos, N. Roubelakis-Angelakis, K. 2009 Engineered polyamine catabolism preinduces tolerance of tobacco to bacteria and oomycetes Plant Physiol. 149 1970 1981 Moschou, P.N. Wu, J. Cona, A. Tavladoraki, P. Angelini, R. Roubelakis-Angelakis, K.A. 2012 The
, B.P.A. Thomma, B.P.H.J. 2006 Real-time PCR for detection and quantification of fungal and oomycete tomato pathogens in plant and soil samples Plant Sci. 171 155 165 Linfield, C. Kenny, S.R. Lyons
. can be root and stem rot pathogens under moist conditions and can also serve as a general indicator of treatment effect on oomycetes, while V. dahliae can cause severe wilt in many ornamentals species, including garden rose ( Dreistadt, 2001 ). Weed
.g., root rot incited by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands) would alter ERM colonization, although fungicides specific for oomycete fungi like Phytophthora de Bary are unlikely to have a direct effect on the basidiomycete and ascomycete fungi typically found
root diseases of strawberry and associated fungal and oomycete pathogens in Western Australia Australas. Plant Pathol. 40 109 119 Fang, X. Kuo, J. You, M. Finnegan, P. Barbetti, M. 2012 Comparative root colonisation of strawberry cultivars Camarosa and