Abstract
Ethylene-induced endogenous ethylene production was substantial in immature pear fruits, attaining a max rate in samples harvested 60 days after full bloom and declining thereafter. Ethylene production was not dependent on the occurrence of a respiratory climacteric nor related to the rate of respiration. Field applications of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) suppressed both ethylene production and fruit growth.
Abstract
The respiratory rate, ethylene production and softening of untreated and treated (propylene or ethylene) avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill, cv Hass) were determined during growth and maturation using fruit harvested monthly from August to July. Untreated immature fruit harvested in August exhibited a climacteric, produced ethylene and softened after 18, 21 and 18.5 days, respectively. Treatment of these immature fruit for 1 to 3 days beginning 1 day after harvest stimulated respiration during the treatment, but the respiratory rate decreased to the level of the untreated fruit within 1 day after the treatment was terminated and they subsequently paralleled the response of the untreated fruit. Ethylene production was not induced by the treatment in immature fruit, but was in mature fruit. The climacteric peak rate and the peak rate of ethylene production increased as the fruit matured. The days to the climacteric peak and days to soften decreased as the season progressed. The ethylene or propylene treated fruit had a progressively shorter time to the climacteric and to softening as they matured compared to the untreated fruit.
Abstract
Five minute dips in aqueous solutions of 2,500 ppm Alar at 25C had no consistent effect on carotene content of the flesh of ‘Alphonso’ mangoes. A similar dip at 53C caused an increase in both total carotenoids and in β-carotene. This was associated with increased respiratory rate and advance of the respiratory climacteric.
Abstract
Ethyl hydrogen l-propylphosphate 3 (EHPP) was compared with ethephon 3 and ethylene as a ripening agent of tomato fruit. EHPP increased the ripeness level of tomato fruit treated either in the field or under lab conditions and advanced the respiratory climacteric of the ripening fruit. Both EHPP and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) compared favorably with ethylene as ripening agents.
.21273/JASHS.119.3.524 Archbold, D.D. Pomper, K.W. 2003 Ripening pawpaw fruit exhibit respiratory and ethylene climacterics Postharvest Biol. Technol. 30 99 103 10.1016/S0925-5214(03)00135-2 Archbold, D
Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is a highly perishable climacteric fruit, softening rapidly once ripening commences which may limit its marketability. In studies to determine the optimum cold storage temperature and maximum storage life of the fruit, pawpaw fruit were stored at -2, 2, and 6 °C for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and then ripened upon removal to ambient temperature. Through 4 weeks, fruit exhibited adequate firmness upon removal from cold storage, but at 8 and 12 weeks fruit held at 2 and 6 °C were very soft. Irrespective of storage temperature, at 8 weeks fruit showed a delay in a climacteric-like respiratory increase, and by 12 weeks a respiratory climacteric was not apparent. An ethylene climacteric was evident after all temperature and storage periods except those held at 6 °C for 12 weeks. Significant symptoms of cold injury were found by 8 weeks of 2 °C cold storage. In addition to a delayed respiratory climacteric, pawpaw fruit stored for 8 and 12 weeks exhibited flesh browning within 48 h of moving to ambient temperature. A change in fruit aroma volatile profile suggested injury might have been developing by 4 weeks of cold storage even though other symptoms were not evident. Immediately after harvest, methyl octanoate was the dominant volatile ester followed by methyl hexanoate. By 4 weeks of postharvest cold storage, ethyl hexanoate was the dominant ester followed by ethyl octanoate, but methyl octanoate production was still substantial. At 8 weeks, volatile ester production was generally lower with ethyl hexanoate the major volatile followed by ethyl octanoate. These symptoms indicate that pawpaw fruit can suffer cold injury during extended periods of cold storage.
`Fuji' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) fruits were harvested periodically prior to and during fruit ripening. Ethylene evolution and respiration rates of skin, hypanthial, and carpellary tissue was determined in each fruit. Additionally, whole fruits were used for analyses of internal ethylene concentration, volatile evolution, starch content, flesh firmness, and soluble solids content. Ethylene production was greatest in the carpellary tissue at all sampling dates except the one occurring just before the rise in whole fruit internal ethylene concentration, when production in the skin and carpellary tissue was similar. Respiration was always highest in the skin, in which the climacteric rise was most drastic. Higher ethylene production in the carpellary tissue of pre- and postclimacteric fruit and higher respiration in the skin tissue, including a noticeable climacteric rise, is indicative of a ripening initiation signal originating and/or transduced through the carpels to the rest of the fruit.
The discovery and subsequent commercialization of 1-MCP has resulted in intense research interest around the world. A web site (http://www.hort.cornell.edu/mcp/) has been developed which provides a summary of the effects of 1-MCP on climacteric (18 species) and non-climacteric (6) fruits, vegetables (13), fresh cut produce (5), cut flowers and pot plants (more than 50 species has been created. The site is updated on a regular basis. For edible crops, most citations are available for apple (32 citations) and banana (21 citations). The ornamental literature is much less concentrated, and most crops are represented by a single citation. For all commodities, the majority of research has been focused on quality responses of the various products to 1-MCP, although increasingly 1-MCP is being used to investigate physiological and biochemical events associated with development, ripening and/or senescence.
Abstract
The effects of chilling ‘Hass’ avocado fruit at 0° or 5°C on the respiratory rates, rates of ethylene production, ripening, and chilling injury symptoms at 20° were compared with the same responses of fruit exposed to a nonchilling temperature (10°) and fruit placed directly at 20°. Fruit held at 10° for 2 weeks were beginning the climacteric and ripened after about 4 days at 20°. Longer exposures at 10° resulted in ripe or overripe fruit. Fruit held for 2 weeks at 0° or 5° displayed normal climacteric patterns and ethylene production at 20°, and developed no significant chilling injury symptoms. Exposures of 4 and 6 weeks at 0° or 5° resulted in the development of chilling injury symptoms, abnormal ripening, atypical respiratory rate patterns, and reduced ethylene production rates which peaked after 2 days at 20° and showed a declining rate thereafter, with no increase in the rate of ethylene production associated with fruit softening.
An ethylene action inhibitor, MCP, was applied to preclimacteric and climacteric apple [Malus sylvestris L. (Mill.) var. domestica Borkh. Mansf.] fruit. Experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Washington State utilizing the following cultivars: Fuji, Gala, Ginger Gold, Jonagold, and Delicious. MCP inhibited loss of fruit firmness and titratable acidity when fruit were held in storage at 0 °C up to 6 months and when fruit were held at 20 to 24 °C for up to 60 days. For all cultivars except `Fuji', differences in firmness between treated and nontreated fruit exceeded 10 N after 6 months storage. These beneficial effects were seen in both preclimacteric and climacteric fruit. Ethylene production and respiration were reduced substantially by MCP treatment. MCP-treated fruit had soluble solids equal to or greater than those in nontreated fruit. Storage and shelf life were extended for all cultivars tested. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP).