500 g of the cover crop biomass subsamples were dried at 65 °C for 2 d, weighed, and ground to 40 mesh to be analyzed for total carbon and nitrogen using dry combustion ( Yeomans and Bremner, 1991 ) with a LECO CNS 2000 (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MN
. A typical example of this process is nitrogen (N) fixation by microbes in the presence of a high C to N ratio ( Bengtsson et al., 2002 ), whereas mineral immobilization takes place when nutrients become unavailable because of strong adsorption to the
, and use but ends with the impact of that product at the end of its useful life through recycling or disposal. Most published LCAs have focused on carbon footprint, but the tool can be used to assess other environmental impacts such as water footprint
addition, leaf fresh weight was recorded for each seedling for Repetitions 2 and 3. Root-to-shoot dry weight ratio (R:S ratio) and specific leaf area (SLA) were determined as the relation between the total leaf area and the total leaf fresh weight, being
the susceptibility of the flowering stage to elevated temperatures in the tested crop. Fig. 3. Effects of short-term elevated temperatures on the nutritional content [carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio] of cowpea (cv. Soronko) shoots at different growth
increased vapor pressure deficit (VPD), or an increase in g s . When the relationship of oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios has a shallow slope, it indicates variation in carbon isotopic ratios, and so WUE may be attributable primarily to g s , an
approximately twice a week, which kept the soil moist during active growth ( The American Daffodil Society, 2006 ). The average leaching fraction was 15% to 25%. All irrigation solutions contained Peter’s 20–20–20 fertilizer supplying nitrogen at a rate of 120
:shoot ratio as a balance between nitrogen productivity and photosynthesis Plant Cell Environ. 10 579 586 Augé, R.M. Moore, J.L. 2002 Stomatal response to nonhydraulic root-to-shoot communication of partial soil drying in relation to foliar dehydration
carcinogen), and thus urea is forbidden as a juice or wine grape must nitrogen supplement ( Butzke and Bisson, 1997 ; Witte, 2011 ). However, urea applied to the tree is metabolized to ammonia and carbon dioxide by urease enzymes and is a common and safe
Nitrogen is a major nutrient, which directly affects plant performances. Scarce N availability leads to both reduced growth and yield and early leaf senescence. Excess N may cause increased plant vigor, extending foliar growth and delaying harvest