Abstract
Air and soil temp have a great influence on the development and flowering of the pepper plant. The time interval between emergence and flowering increases as temp drop. Plants which grew under low temp in any particular growth stage developed an equal or greater number of leaves before the first flower than did plants growing under high temp, regardless of day length.
A soil temp of 10°C retarded plant development, whereas 17°C allowed normal development. The rate of growth increased as soil temp rose. The total plant wt after 100 days of growth under various soil temp increased with rising temp. The top continued to develop with rising temp, but root development was retarded at a soil temp of 30°C or above.
Abstract
A greenhouse and a growth chamber experiment were conducted to study the influence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on growth and elemental composition of a hydroponically-grown, susceptible and a resistant pepper cultivar. Foliar symptoms were more severe and appeared 2 weeks earlier on the CMV-infected susceptible than on the CMV-infected resistant cultivar. CMV-infected susceptible plants were stunted before foliar symptoms appeared. Roots were stunted to a greater extent than the aerial portions. Virus infection had no effect on the growth of the resistant cultivar. The amount of solution taken up by the infected susceptible plants was lower than by noninfected ones either before or after symptoms appeared on terminal leaves. The pH of the nutrient solution in which the infected plants were grown was lower prior to symptom expression and conductivity readings were higher than for the solution with noninfected plants. At 1 week after inoculation, prior to the expression of foliar symptoms, concentrations of P, K, Mn, Fe, and Cu were lower in the CMV-infected susceptible than noninfected plants. At 3 weeks after inoculation, and after symptoms were observed, infected resistant plants had a lower concentration of K, Mn, and Fe in the basal leaves than infected resistant plants. Little change in elemental concentration of susceptible plants occurred after symptoms appeared on the terminal leaves. However, due to the stunting effect of virus on susceptible plants, several elements were lower on a total accumulation basis at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after inoculation. The CMV effect on individual elements was dependent on cultivar, severity of stunting, and the number of days after inoculation leaf samples were collected.
The production of `Jalapeño' hot pepper has been increased in the last 10 years in about 6.21% during the period between 1992-2003, with a growing rate of 72%. In Mexico, is an important produce, because it is considered part of the traditional Mexican diet as well as its high productive level. One of the most frequent problems in this crop is the low production of fresh fruits caused by an inadequate fertilization. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of four fertilization formulas on the yield of fresh fruit of hot pepper variety Jalapeño cultivar Grande under irrigation conditions The evaluated formulas were (N-P-K-S): 1) 58-51-35-12 (control); 2) 78-68-46-16; 3) 97-85-58-20; and 4) 117-102-69-24. Treatments were distributed under a completely randomized block design with four replications. The formula 117-102-69-24 showed the highest values in the plant height and number of fruits with 62.5 cm, and 48 fruits, respectively. This formula also showed the highest values on equatorial and longitudinal diameters, and fruit weight with 3.36 cm, 11.26 cm, and 33.66 g, respectively. The total yields per plant and per hectare was 1.54 kg; and 38.22 t was obtained with the formula 117-102-69-24. The formula with the higher units of each element showed the best performance and exhibited the highest yield of fresh hot pepper, it was more productive than the control treatment commonly used by the hot pepper growers in Colima.
Fruit water loss significantly affects the quality of bell peppers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fruit weight, size, and stage of ripeness on the rate of water loss and permeance to water vapor. Fruit surface area/weight ratio decreased logarithmically with increases in fruit size, with smaller fruit showing larger changes in the ratio than larger fruit. Mean water loss rate for individual fruit and permeance to water vapor declined with increases in fruit size and as fruit ripeness progressed. Fruit surface area/weight ratio and rate of water loss were both highest in immature fruit and showed no differences between mature green and red fruit. In mature fruit, permeance to water vapor for the skin and calyx were 29 μmol·m–2·s–1·kPa–1 and 398 μmol·m–2·s–1·kPa–1, respectively. About 26% of the water loss in mature fruit occurred through the calyx. There was a decline in firmness, water loss rate, and permeance to water vapor of the fruit with increasing fruit water loss during storage.
Salt and water stress affect in a significant way most common horticultural crops in northwest Mexico, where bell pepper, hot pepper, and tomato are the most important vegetable crops. Growth rate (GR) and physiological traits in bell pepper were analyzed under salt and drought stress. Two cultivars of bell pepper, `Hungarian Yellow' (HY) and `Sta. Fe Grande' (SG), were evaluated. GR in both cultivars was decreased by salt and drought stress interaction. Salt concentration in the irrigation water affected the amount of dry matter in the plant tissue. Relative growth ratio (RGR), net assimilation ratio (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and photosynthesis rate (Pn) decreased in a correlated amount to the salt NaCl content in the experiment (0, 80, and 160 mm). Differences in the RGR under salt and drought stress between SG and HY were significant. The observed decrease in RGR was explained by NAR and LAR, where RGR was more affected by NAR than LAR. Similarly, the decrease in NAR was explained by C/F and Pn, indicating that NAR was more affected by Pn than C/F. The difference in observed NAR between both cultivars was understood by difference in C/F. Finally, a high relation of C/F in SG cultivar under salt and drought stress was caused by a physiological use of photosynthetic products, causing a significant decrease in NAR in the cultivar HY. This difference in NAR was found to be the factor that affected RGR in both cultivars.
Seeds developing within a locular space inside hollow fruit experience chronic exposure to a unique gaseous environment. Using two pepper cultivars, `Triton' (sweet) and `PI 140367' (hot), we investigated how the development of seeds is affected by the gases surrounding them. The atmospheric composition of the seed environment was characterized during development by analysis of samples withdrawn from the fruit locule with a gas-tight syringe. As seed weight plateaued during development, the seed environment reached its lowest O2 concentration (19%) and highest CO2 concentration (3%). We experimentally manipulated the seed environment by passing different humidified gas mixtures through the fruit locule at a rate of 60 to 90 mL·min-1. A synthetic atmosphere containing 3% CO2, 21% O2, and 76% N2 was used to represent a standard seed environment. Seeds developing inside locules supplied with this mixture had enhanced average seed weight, characterized by lower variation than in the no-flow controls due to fewer low-weight seeds. The importance of O2 in the seed microenvironment was demonstrated by reduction in seed weight when the synthetic atmosphere contained only 15% O2 and by complete arrest of embryo development when O2 was omitted from the seed atmosphere. Removal of CO2 from the synthetic atmosphere had no effect on seed weight, however, the CO2-free treatment accelerated fruit ripening by 4 days in the hot pepper. In the sweet peppers, fruit wall starch and sucrose were reduced by the CO2-free treatment. The results demonstrate that accretionary seed growth is being limited in pepper by O2 availability and suggest that variation in seed quality is attributable to localized limitations in O2 supply.
Six varieties of Cupsicum annuum, L were selected for the study (Joe Parker, NuMex Sweet, NuMex R Naky, Tam VeraCruz, Sandia, and Conquistador). All seeds were primed in -.90 MPa NaCl, -1.35 MPa NaCl; -1.24 MPa CaCl2, -1.94 MPa CaCl2, -1.43 MPa K2HPO4, -2.09 MPa K2HPO4, and a nonprimed control at 23C in an incubator for 5 days. Seeds were dried for 2 days at 23C, then planted in soilless media under a 10/14 day/night cycle in incubators at either 23C or 15C. Emergence was counted daily for 21 days. Statistical analysis was performed on the rate of emergence and the maximum number of seeds emerged by day 21. There was a significant variety × treatment × temperature interaction when the rate of emergence was used as the variable. Priming improved the rate of emergence over the control among all varieties, treatments and temperatures, but the effect of seed priming on the maximum emergence varied from one variety to the other. Priming was more effective at 15C. The start of emergence averaged 3.5 days over the control at 23C and 7.3 days over the control at 15C. Seeds emerged an average of 7 days faster at 23C than at 15C. Sandia and Conquistador appear to be sensitive to priming treatments and temperature.
.C. 2002 Transplanted pepper ( Capsicum anuum ) tolerance to selected herbicides and method of application Journal of Vegetable Crop Production 8 27 39 Mailvaganam, S. 2006 Farm value and harvested area of vegetable crops
Abstract
The removal of cotyledons retarded the development and flowering of California Wonder pepper. The effective action of the cotyledons in plant development lasted for about 7 days, the time required for the first pair of leaves to reach cotyledonary size. Removal after 7 days did not affect further development. Removal of the first pair of true leaves did not retard flowering.
Abstract
On a metric ton basis, small fruits produced significantly higher seed yields than either medium or large fruits. Seed yields were significantly higher from fall-harvested than summer-harvested fruit.