reduces solid waste production and the subsequent need for disposal. Alternative components include various composted materials ( Carlile, 2008 ; Corti et al., 1998 ) using feedstocks such as yard debris and pruning waste, animal manures, biosolids
dpi; image size ≈18 MB), whereas analysis precision was set to “high.” The acquisition and image analysis software was WinRHIZO Pro (Version 2009c; Regent Instruments Inc.). Debris removal among scanned images was performed manually using the WinRhizo
concentrations. Debris, algae, and detached roots were removed from the reservoir to minimize impact on solution pH. Acclimation lasted 21 d in both experiments. Plant fresh weight (FW) was measured nondestructively at the end of acclimation. All experiments were
mulch is contaminated with soil and crop debris (up to 50% by weight) and not readily recyclable ( Kasirajan and Ngouajio, 2012 ). Residual PE mulch is left in the field [estimated 5% to 10% (L. Martin-Closas, personal communication)], where it
living mulch establishment. One month after living mulch seeding, strip-till zones were created in the center of each plot at a width of 9 inches using a rototiller (FG110; Honda, Torrance, CA). Strip-till zones were raked to remove debris and ensure a
been shown to survive in the soil, on plant debris, and in fumigated field soil, the main source of inoculum is assumed to originate on infected strawberry plant material from the nursery ( Eastburn and Gubler, 1990 ). However, the pathogen may be
in Manhattan, KS ( Okeyo et al., 2011 ). Stolons were rinsed under tap water to remove soil debris, surface-sterilized with 0.5% NaOCl for 3 min, and finally rinsed in two changes of distilled water. Prepared stolons were subsequently propagated in
infected leaves containing white rust pustules were cut into small pieces and were dispersed in deionized water and filtered through medical gauze to remove any plant debris. The concentration of the pathogenic spore suspension was then adjusted using a
.T. Gilbertson, R.L. 2001 The role of crop debris and weeds in the epidemiology of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce in California Plant Dis. 85 169 178 Bull, C.T. Goldman, P.H. Hayes, R. Madden, L.V. Koike, S.T. Ryder, E. 2007 Genetic diversity of lettuce for
, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) with pH 5.9 and 2% organic matter in September of both years. Fields were scalped with a rotary mower, debris was removed, and soil was sliced in two directions at 1-cm depth. ‘Penn A-4’ creeping bentgrass, ‘Manhattan V