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Persian (english) walnut ( Juglans regia L.) orchards can incur serious economic loss from attack by several soilborne pathogens, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend (causal agent of crown gall disease), Armillaria mellea

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field on 1 Sept. These unexpected results were attributed to a high plant density (320 transplants/m 2 ) that provided a continuous and heavy leaf cover, which eliminated red light (less than 700 nm) from reaching the crowns ( Takeda, 2008 ). In contrast

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Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2033. We thank the following: S. Bassein for statistical advice; G. McGranahan for initiating and coordinating the Paradox Diversity Study; M. Schroth and B. Teviotdale for advice on crown gall; M

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, 2004 ; van Loon et al., 1998 ). Agrobacterium tumefaciens , a soil-borne bacterium, causes formation of crown galls in many plant species. During infection, a specific segment of the tumor-inducing plasmid, the transfer DNA (T-DNA), is transferred from

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were obtained from Massachusetts or Florida and divided into three groups with crown diameters of 8, 12, or 16 mm. There were small differences in the cropping pattern among the three groups of plants, with slightly heavier production in the small or

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large (e.g., 8 inches diameter), single crown-type heads ( Jett et al., 1995 ). Jett et al. (1995) found no significant effect of plant density on days to harvest in a 1990 trial, but observed that days to harvest was up to 9 d later with a density of

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the crown. Heißner et al. (2006) examined the effect of soil temperature on white asparagus yield, and high temperature treatments surrounding the crowns have been shown to control white asparagus sprouting ( Paroussi et al., 2002 ; Watanabe et al

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Abbreviations: CB, cropping bed; CNO, crown number; CSWB, cold-stored waiting bed; FLNO, flower number; WB, waiting bed. 1 To whom reprint requests should be addressed. This study was supported by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the

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leaves, roots, and crowns that may have different survival or stress-protection mechanisms while acclimating to cold, surviving ice encasement, or overwintering. Here, we investigate several physiological responses such as apoplastic protein content

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): Prime-Ark ® Traveler (22 May to 5 July), Arapaho (22 May to 5 July), Natchez (22 May to 13 July), Osage (25 May to 25 July), Ouachita (29 May to 25 July), Navaho (5 June to 9 Aug.), Apache (8 June to 9 Aug.), Von (19 June to 15 Aug.), Triple Crown (22

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