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The hybrid origin of 23 rose (Rosa spp.) accessions was examined with three isozymes: acid phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.2), malate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.37), and phosphoglucose isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.9). All three isozymes were useful for interspecific hybrid verification. This procedure was effective if the putative parents were known and differed in isozyme phenotype. To verify the origin of hybrid species or cultivars with hybrid origins, isozymes were useful but limited by the number of generations since the original hybridization and the number of accessions of the putative parental species assayed.
Isozyme analysis has been used for cultivar identification, but little has been done with the genus Rosa. One hundred and sixty rose accessions (species, cultivars, and hybrids) were characterized for isozyme phenotypes using starch gel electrophoresis. Six enzyme systems were stained on three electrode buffer systems. ACP, MDH, and 6PGD were run on morpholine citrate (pH 6.1) and histidine (pH 5.7), PGI and PGM were run on histidine (pH 5.7) and lithium borate (pH 8.3), and SKDH was run on morpholine citrate (PH 6.1) and lithium borate (PH 8.3). The most variable isozymes were MDH and 6PGD. MDH and 6PGD revealed 10 and 9 bands, respectively. This study showed that isozyme variability exists in roses and can be useful in their classification into species groups.
Recently, the acreages Japanese apricot have been increased for being known of the medical functions. However, the increase of tree height, overgrowing trees and light deficiency at the bottom of canopy induced the poor fruit quality and higher labor charges. This study was conducted to assess the effects of training time, angle and length of water sprout on tree growth, the shoot-curbing, and the occurrence of new shoot for 2 years. Water sprouts were trained on 5, and 25 June, and 15 July with three varying angles of 30°, 45° and 60°, and cut at three lengths (50, 80, 110_) after harvest. Compared to control, the treatment on June 25 showed the highest values of 76%, 82% of internode and shoot length respectiely. In the treatment of training angle, shoot length was 71% in both 30° and 45° but heavily limited to 36% in 60° with comparing to control. The occurrence of shoots showed 18.1, 24.6, and 36.3 in treatment of 50, 80 and 110 cm, respectively, and in 80 cm, the number of shoot with diameter more than 0.5 mm, which is suitable for bearing mother branch, was higher. The best result was obtained in method of branch training with 45° and heading-back 80 cm at height on 15 June for the renewal of lateral branch.
Fatty acid is known as a physiologically active compound, and its composition in rice may affect human health in countries where rice is the major diet. The fatty acid composition in brown rice of 120 Korean native cultivars was determined by one-step extraction/methylation method and GC. The average composition of 9 detectable fatty acids in tested rice cultivars were as followings: myristic acid; 0.6%, palmitic acid; 21.2%, stearic acid; 1.8%, oleic acid; 36.5%, linoleic acid; 36.3%, linolenic acid; 1.7%, arachidic acid; 0.5%, behenic acid; 0.4%, and lignoceric acid; 0.9%. Major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid, which composed around 94%. The rice cultivar with the highest linolenic acid was cv. Jonajo (2.1%), and cvs. Pochoenjangmebye and Sandudo showed the highest composition of palmitic (23.4%) and oleic acid (44.8%), respectively. Cultivar Pochuenjangmebye exhitibed the highest composition of saturated fatty acid (28.1%), while cvs. Sandudo and Modo showed the highest mono-unsaturated (44.8%) and poly-unsaturated (42.4%) fatty acid composition, respectively. The oleic acid showed negative correlation with palmitic and linoleic acid, while positive correlation between behenic and lignoceric acids was observed.
Onions are a major vegetables in Korea. Short-day onions are grown in more than 95% in southern area of South Korea, and long-day onions are grown above 600-m altitude in the highlands. Onion cultivation in the highland areas has become difficult for farmers to obtain high income but stable production because of higher cost of seed and the intensive labor involved in production. Consequently, onion set culture by inexpensive onion seeds compared with expensive F1 seed has an advantage due to the higher proportion of marketable size bulbs. This study was conducted to find out the suitable sowing time and tray size for onion set culture in the highlands—the earlier the sowing time, the higher the number of onions set. The most appropriate sowing date and 1.6–3.5 g of onion set size was early to middle May, also with the highest distribution percentage. The highest set number (780.8 set/m2) of suitable onion set size (1.6–3.5 g) were harvested from the 288 trays, followed by 770 set from the bed (9 g/m2 of seed sowed), and (7/m2 of seed sowed) in the 406 tray.
Traditionally fatty acid composition used to be analysed by GC and the sample preparation consisted of lipid extraction from sample and subsequent methyl esters preparation, which are time-consuming and cumbersome. As an alternative, simultaneous extraction/methylation methods are being developed for rapid and simplified sample preparation. To optimize one-step extraction/methylation method for analysis of fatty acid composition in brown rice and adlay seeds, various factors, such as sample to reaction solution ratio, reaction time and temperature, and shaking intensity, were altered and resultant fatty acid composition data were evaluated in comparison with previous reports. The ratio of sample weight to reaction solution volume was the most critical factor in that higher sample to reaction solution ratio caused overestimation of palmitic acid and linoleic acid composition, resulting in underestimation of oleic acid. Lower reaction temperature also induced overestimation of linoleic acid and underestimation of oleic acid. Reaction duration and the intensity of shaking prior to and during the reaction, however, induced no significant changes in analysis results. In conclusion, the optimum condition for brown rice was mixing 5 grains (about 0.2 g) of brown rice with 680 μL of methylating mixture and 400 μL of heptane, followed by reaction at 80 °C for 2 hours.